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Intertidal Zones Flashcards

1
Q

What is Isostasy

A
  • weighing the same
  • crust floats on denser underlying layers due to properties such as density & thickness

why shallow seas are above continental plate than over an oceanic plate

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2
Q

In relation to Isostasy

Continental shelf

A
  • a gently sloping region surrounding continents and sea is shallow it is covered in sediments

water depth over shelf depends on
- isostatic changes in land height (height of land chages due to wight on the crust)
- changes in sea levels

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3
Q

The Base simple principle of Isostasy

A

The Crust is:
- Higher = thicker and less dense
- Lower = thinner and denser

Continental less dense= made of granite Oceanic denser=made of basalt

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4
Q

What is weathering

and the 3 types

A

the wearing down or breaking of rocks through physical, chemical or organic means

Three types:
- chemical
- physical
-organic

wearing down (breaking)…weathering

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5
Q

Chemical Weathering

A
  • exposure to water or oxygen and it changes the chemical composition
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6
Q

Physical weathering

aka mechanical

A

when broken down to smaller pieces but not changing th chemical composition

can be due to temp changes

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7
Q

Organic Weathering

aka biological

A

Relies on living organisms (lichen or tree roots)

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8
Q

Define Erosion

A

the movement (transportation) of material that has been broken down

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9
Q

Ice Erosion

A

Glaciers and sediments are carreied with and deposited far

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10
Q

Gravity Erosion

A

Cliff edge and it falls off

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11
Q

Wind Erosion

A

strong breeze such as sands from deserts

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12
Q

Water Erosion

A

River runoff by carrying it

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13
Q

Define sedimentation

A

the delivery or depostion of these particles
- they form deltas
- partical size and water speed are the greatest factors

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14
Q

Define of

Littoral Zone

A
  • where land meets sea
  • area of shoreline between the highest high-water mark and the loweest low-water mark during a spring tide

aka intertidal zone

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15
Q

What are the topics obeserved in the inter-tidal region

A
  • the shape of the shore
  • wave action and erosion
  • the substrate that makes up the shore
  • the organims that live there
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16
Q

factors that help define the shape of the sea shore

A
  • geology of the land lying closest to the shore
  • level of expore that the shore has to weathering, erosion and sedimination
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17
Q

What are the two main factors that affect the morphology of the littoral zone

A
  • slope of the shore
  • size of sediment found on the shore
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18
Q

Characteristics

of a Rocky Shore

abiotic

A
  • exposed to sea erosion (most exposed typed of shore)
  • the most resistant to erosion
  • there are boulders (left on top due to pounding waves), stones and pebbles
    more graint
  • very little sedmination occurs
  • very steep cliffs to horizontal rocks with wave-cut platform
19
Q

characerstics

of a rocky shore

biotic

A
  • supports a wide range of organism
  • stable substrate so it is high biodiveristy
    the large rocks and stones are a firm surface
  • ## rock pools can retain after tide receds
20
Q

enviromental facotrs that affect life on a rocky shore

A
  • desiccation (species near the top of the shore are exposed to air for longer)
  • temperature (flucations)
  • wave action
  • light intensity (sunlight avalubilty)
  • aspect
  • slope
  • nature of substrate
21
Q

what is the main resource organisms compete for in the rocky shore

A

safe anchorage

22
Q

abiotic facotors that affect organisms living on the littoral zone/rocky shore

A
  • temperature tolerance
  • length of time species can spend out of water before dessication
23
Q

biotic facotors that affect organisms living on the littoral zone/rocky shore

A

compeition between other species and predation

24
Q

the 4 major ireas of the interidal zone on a rocky shore

A
  • splash zone
  • upper shore
  • middle shore
  • lower shore
25
Splash Zone
- just above the high tide mark - during day (organisms) sprayed by sea water in high tide and rest of day they dry out (only during spring tide or storm surges will they be submerged) periwinkles, limpets - organisms have their muscular foot to clamp onto rocks (to prevent being sweept away) - close themselves to store enough water in gills for gas exchange (seal in water for the driest part of the day) | characteristcs help maintain their temperaure and perform gas exchange
26
Upper Shore
- only submerged during high tide organisms must be able to withstand long period without food or water and drastic temp. changes - in risk of dessication during low tide - must have stron muscular foot to withstand powerful tides in and out - also trap water to hold throughout - efficnetly be able to absorb water is short amount of time (to rehydrate)
27
Middle Shore
- exposed to air twice/day (in low tide) - need a coping method for desiccation but not as extreme as above brow algae, barancles, periwinkles - cement themselves to suitable substrates and clam shut and retain water
28
Lower Shore
- only exposed to air during the lowest spring tide they can dry out or overheat easily since they have few adaptations - higher biodvierseity and abudnec can befound a they have the most stable enviroment (sea urchins, seaweed)
29
Tide pools
- important for organisms in the higher tide since it can help them with an area to cool down, carry gaseous exchange and feed - longer tide is out the warmer, saliter, anoxic the pool gets
30
Sandy shores
- Highly unstable as fine paricles are easily moved by wind and tides - not a suitable substrate (it is porous and does not hold water well) - No shelter for organsims at the surface - under live burrowing organism (ghost crab) ( if mixed with muddy deposits it is stable and supportive) - danger of dessication
31
biotic factors on sandy shors
- competion since they feed on plankton and organic material
32
muddy shores
- little to no water movement: it is the least exposed to erosion sedimination is the primary factor in the formation of muddy shores (form mud flats)
33
Estuary
- a semi-enclosed body of water (fresh water meets sea water: brackish) - has a muddy substrates as it has slow flow, high turbidity, bottom is fine salt/silt - A nuresery ground | other names are bays lagoons sounds and sloughs
34
Delta
SEDIMENTATION - form at the moth of a river where it meets the sea - river carries suspended sediments through erosion - river increases flow rate - when the suspended sediments settle it is deposition - a fan shaped structure
35
Mangroves | swamp,forest
- Trees and shurbs in (sub)tropical saline costal habitats - between 25 N and 25 S Adaptations - wide range of salinty - low oxygen concentration in sediments anoxic
36
"roots" of mangroves
**prop roots** Pneumatophores are adapted root-like structures that obtain oxygen from air and provide stability (anchors it and keeps it less likely of washing away in storms or strong tides) - trap particles suspened in water - filters water - reduces water flow (increase depostion of sediments) - dissipates wave energy **(protects costal area from erosion)** - is a nuresry and home
37
Benfits of saline enviorment for mangroves and how they survive this saline enviroment
there is lack of competion roots - filtrate salt through roots - salt that is absorbed is accumlated at the leaves that then fall off
38
mangroves
- highly biodivered
39
conditions for formation of a mangrove forest
- saltwater - deposition is higher than eriosion - sandy and silty sediment for propagules to settle - mild to warm temp year round (not bellow 20*C*) - grow best near coral since they provide protection
40
mangroves reproduction
viviparous reproduction flowers -> seeds -> propagule the propagule is relased in the ocean to float once it finds a suitable location is inplants itself there
41
Ecological importance of mangrove forests
- a home for many organisms - it is a keystone species - a safe nuresery ground - prop roots help prevent erosion by stroms - prevents sediment to be carried to corals helping prevent sedment build-up - A carbon sink - maintain biodiversity
42
Economic importance of mangroves
- harvest fish and marine life for food - gather timber to build home or burn fuel - protection of costlines from erosion and storms - ecotourism that can aid economy - "sponge" for flood waters - a purifaction system for water
43
threats to mangrove forest
- climate change (rising sea levels) - Overharvesting (timberwood) - storm damage (take sedmination) - change in coastal land use (cut down mangroves for infrastructure space)

Marine (11 decks)

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