promoting health

Question 1

what is health promotion according to WHO?

Answer 1

it is the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health and maintain well being

Question 2

what are some public health challenges?

Answer 2

lifestyle choices, health and wellbeing, determinants of health and the ottowa charter for health promotion

Question 3

how would you build a healthy public policy?

Answer 3

you need to reorient health services and create supportive environments within which you enable, mediate and advocate. You need to develop personal skills in order to strengthen community action

Question 4

how can you develop public health?

Answer 4

develop life skills such as in change 4 life, apps from PHE and strengthen community action through community engagement

Question 5

what are the four stages in developing public health?

Answer 5

inform, consult, involve and collaborate and empower

Question 6

what do the categories of inform, consult, involve and collaborate encorporate?

Answer 6

balanced information, understanding problem, considering motivation and fitting with lifestyle, involving the public in designing intervention as partners, developing and evaluating the intervention

Question 7

what is encorporated in empowerment?

Answer 7

it is patient empowerment. It is a multidimensional process that helps people gain control over their own lives and fosters power in people for use in the own, community and societal lives by acting on issues that they define as important

Question 8

according to the choose health campaign from WHO what are the three pillars of health promotion?

Answer 8

good governance - making it accessible and affordable to all and sustainable systems
healthy cities - green cites for good environmental factor
health literacy - increasing knowledge and social skills

Question 9

what are the five approaches to health promotion?

Answer 9

medical or preventative, educational, behavioural, social change or empowerment

Question 10

what are the three main levels of medical approach?

Answer 10

primary - preventing onset
secondary - detecting and treating pre-symptomatic disease
tertiary - minimising the effects of a disease

Question 11

what is an additional level to medical approach?

Answer 11

primordial prevention - prevent the development of risk factors

Question 12

what are the disadvantages of the medical approach?

Answer 12

led by medical professions - experts - paternalism

based on medical definition of disease - there ignores the social determinants

Question 13

what is the behavioural approach?

Answer 13

is focuses on individuals - attitudes, behaviours, responsibility and choice, the success is dependent on the individual and ignores the social determinants of health

Question 14

what is the educational approach?

Answer 14

it enables individuals to make informed decisions and avoid persuasion through information, knowledge and then skills but relies on the individual to make the ‘right’ choice and has very little on the social determinants of health

Question 15

what is the empowerment approach?

Answer 15

it is the process of giving confidence, skills and power to individuals or groups of individuals to identify and address their concerns - recognises the social determinants in health

Question 16

what is social change?

Answer 16

it works with changing society not individuals as when physical and social environment are improved then healthier choices are made. It needs public and political support through legislation and the government needs to work with companies

Question 17

how do societies and individuals make healthier choices?

Answer 17

societies - healthier environment
individuals - make healthier choices
people do not like to be told what to do therefore avoid judgement and encourage to change lifestyle

Question 18

what are the main roles encorporating all the methods of public health promotion?

Answer 18

to prevent disease
ensure people are well informed and able to make healthy choices
help people acquire skills and confidence to take control over their lifestyle
change policies and environments in order to facilitate healthy choices

Question 19

what are models for intervention planning?

Answer 19

SMART, precede proceed, CD cynergy, strategic rational PM and match

Question 20

what is the function of precede in the model?

Answer 20

to specify measurable objectives and baselines
three sections
phase 1 - social assessment (QoL and health)
phase 2 - epidemiological assessment (health, genetics, behaviour and environment)
phase 3 - ecological and educational assessment - predisposing - attitudes, reinforcing - incentives and enabling - barriers and facilitators
phase 4 - administrative and policy assessment and intervention alignment

Question 21

what does the health programme in precede proceed model include?

Answer 21

educational strategies and policy regulation organisation

Question 22

what is the proceed part of the model?

Answer 22

monitoring and continuous quality improvement

Question 23

what are the phases in proceed?

Answer 23

phase 5 - implementation
phase 6 - process evaluation
phase 7 - impact evaluation
phase 8 - outcome evaluation

Question 24

how would you measure the intervention?

Answer 24

measure quality and integrity 
interventional exposure 
reach 
participant satisfaction 
delivery 
contextual aspects

Question 25

what is the point of impact evaluation and how would this be done?

Answer 25

to see if the aim of the intervention met it’s objectives
need significant resources
involves complex data collection and analysis
how much the intervention leads to the outcome
it is hard to link the effects of an intervention to a broad community level impact

Question 26

what is outcome evaluation and what is included in it?

Answer 26

did the ultimate goal of the intervention get achieved - improved health outcome. what difference has it made?
has it increased knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviours and health service utilisation

Question 27

what are the problems associated with health promotion interventions?

Answer 27

evaluation is resource consuming and expensive
different people may have different goals that are not shared
hard to control external influences
do not determine the objectives or how it will be measured
hard to measure or define the outcomes
may involve long term social, environmental and behavioural changes

Question 28

what is equity and social justice?

Answer 28

it is prevention of disease and promotion of good health