promoting health Flashcards
what is health promotion according to WHO?
it is the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health and maintain well being
what are some public health challenges?
lifestyle choices, health and wellbeing, determinants of health and the ottowa charter for health promotion
how would you build a healthy public policy?
you need to reorient health services and create supportive environments within which you enable, mediate and advocate. You need to develop personal skills in order to strengthen community action
how can you develop public health?
develop life skills such as in change 4 life, apps from PHE and strengthen community action through community engagement
what are the four stages in developing public health?
inform, consult, involve and collaborate and empower
what do the categories of inform, consult, involve and collaborate encorporate?
balanced information, understanding problem, considering motivation and fitting with lifestyle, involving the public in designing intervention as partners, developing and evaluating the intervention
what is encorporated in empowerment?
it is patient empowerment. It is a multidimensional process that helps people gain control over their own lives and fosters power in people for use in the own, community and societal lives by acting on issues that they define as important
according to the choose health campaign from WHO what are the three pillars of health promotion?
good governance - making it accessible and affordable to all and sustainable systems
healthy cities - green cites for good environmental factor
health literacy - increasing knowledge and social skills
what are the five approaches to health promotion?
medical or preventative, educational, behavioural, social change or empowerment
what are the three main levels of medical approach?
primary - preventing onset
secondary - detecting and treating pre-symptomatic disease
tertiary - minimising the effects of a disease
what is an additional level to medical approach?
primordial prevention - prevent the development of risk factors
what are the disadvantages of the medical approach?
led by medical professions - experts - paternalism
based on medical definition of disease - there ignores the social determinants
what is the behavioural approach?
is focuses on individuals - attitudes, behaviours, responsibility and choice, the success is dependent on the individual and ignores the social determinants of health
what is the educational approach?
it enables individuals to make informed decisions and avoid persuasion through information, knowledge and then skills but relies on the individual to make the ‘right’ choice and has very little on the social determinants of health
what is the empowerment approach?
it is the process of giving confidence, skills and power to individuals or groups of individuals to identify and address their concerns - recognises the social determinants in health
what is social change?
it works with changing society not individuals as when physical and social environment are improved then healthier choices are made. It needs public and political support through legislation and the government needs to work with companies
how do societies and individuals make healthier choices?
societies - healthier environment
individuals - make healthier choices
people do not like to be told what to do therefore avoid judgement and encourage to change lifestyle
what are the main roles encorporating all the methods of public health promotion?
to prevent disease
ensure people are well informed and able to make healthy choices
help people acquire skills and confidence to take control over their lifestyle
change policies and environments in order to facilitate healthy choices
what are models for intervention planning?
SMART, precede proceed, CD cynergy, strategic rational PM and match
what is the function of precede in the model?
to specify measurable objectives and baselines
three sections
phase 1 - social assessment (QoL and health)
phase 2 - epidemiological assessment (health, genetics, behaviour and environment)
phase 3 - ecological and educational assessment - predisposing - attitudes, reinforcing - incentives and enabling - barriers and facilitators
phase 4 - administrative and policy assessment and intervention alignment
what does the health programme in precede proceed model include?
educational strategies and policy regulation organisation
what is the proceed part of the model?
monitoring and continuous quality improvement
what are the phases in proceed?
phase 5 - implementation
phase 6 - process evaluation
phase 7 - impact evaluation
phase 8 - outcome evaluation
how would you measure the intervention?
measure quality and integrity interventional exposure reach participant satisfaction delivery contextual aspects
what is the point of impact evaluation and how would this be done?
to see if the aim of the intervention met it’s objectives
need significant resources
involves complex data collection and analysis
how much the intervention leads to the outcome
it is hard to link the effects of an intervention to a broad community level impact
what is outcome evaluation and what is included in it?
did the ultimate goal of the intervention get achieved - improved health outcome. what difference has it made?
has it increased knowledge, skills, attitudes, behaviours and health service utilisation
what are the problems associated with health promotion interventions?
evaluation is resource consuming and expensive
different people may have different goals that are not shared
hard to control external influences
do not determine the objectives or how it will be measured
hard to measure or define the outcomes
may involve long term social, environmental and behavioural changes
what is equity and social justice?
it is prevention of disease and promotion of good health
