key issues in global health

Question 1

what does international health emphasise?

Answer 1

specific diseases and conditions in particular countries - usually other countries and not one’s own
more the differences between countries rather than the commonalities
one way flow of ideas for development initiatives

Question 2

what dies global health emphasise?

Answer 2

characterised by health issues beyond the capacity of individual countries to address through domestic institutions
health is determines by problems, issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries
focused on the whole planet rather that particular nations
requires a multi-disciplinary approach from many countries
area for study, research and practice to improve health and achieve equity worldwide
many disciplines within and beyond health science and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration and is synthesis of population based prevention with individual level care

Question 3

what is the geographical location for a) public, b)international and c) global health?

Answer 3

a) issues that affect the population of a specific community
b) issues that affect other countries particularly lower and middle income countries
c) issues that transcend national boundaries and indirectly or directly affect health

Question 4

what is the level of cooperation for the three levels of health?

Answer 4

for public is community or national cooperation
for international is binational cooperation
for global is global cooperation

Question 5

are the three levels of health for individuals or populations?

Answer 5

public health is populations

global and international are both

Question 6

what are the accesses to health for each level of health?

Answer 6

public - this is equity to health within a nation or community
international is helping other nation’s people
global is equity among nations

Question 7

what are the ranges of disciplines with each of the levels of health?

Answer 7

public - multidisciplinary within health and social sciences
international - few disciplines
global - multidisciplinary with and beyond health science

Question 8

when diseases are common across nations what is suggested?

Answer 8

that there is homogeneity of challenges across countries at all levels of socio economic development

Question 9

how can we suggest homogeneity?

Answer 9

access and use health information in a global health context and use WHO and global burden of disease studies to use 3 main classifications of disease

Question 10

what are the three main classifications of disease common across countries according to WHO and GBDS?

Answer 10

group 1 is communicable disease - maternal, perinatal and nutritional disease
group 2 is non communicable such as mental disorders
group 3 is injuries such as RTA, falls, self harm and inter personal violence

Question 11

what are the characteristics of communicable disease?

Answer 11

CDs modes of transmission 
examples of common, neglected and history 
burden
importance 
interventions 
global approaches 
world banks role and involvement

Question 12

what is the burden of CD?

Answer 12

it is the global burden of disease and communicable diseases by region, gender and income levels

Question 13

what is the importance of CDs?

Answer 13

economic, sheer burden, rate of spread, recurrence and the security and CDs

Question 14

and are the intervention considerations for CD?

Answer 14

why should it be cared about to policy makers, why intervene, the history of interventions and policy issues and what is needed for effective intervention and prevention if CDs

Question 15

what are the global approaches to international disease?

Answer 15

global responsibility, financial support, partnerships and collaboration and international law

Question 16

what is the world banks involvement in CDs?

Answer 16

total lending in health
special programmes the bank is involved in
conclusions and way forward

Question 17

what was the global burden of disease study?

Answer 17

most comprehensive, global, observational and epidemiological study to date that describes mortality and morbidity from major diseases, injuries and RFs to health across a national, global and regional level. It examines trends from the 1990s to present and makes comparisons across populations so that we can understand the changing health challenges facing people globally

Question 18

what has been found overall in the global burden of disease study?

Answer 18

that the distribution of deaths differs markedly between regions

Question 19

what are the group I causes in the global burden of disease?

Answer 19

conditions which occur largely in poorer populations and typically decline at a faster pace than all causes of mortality during the epidemiological transition

Question 20

what is the epidemiological transition?

Answer 20

it is where the pattern of mortality shifts from high death rates from group I causes at a younger age to chronic diseases at older ages

Question 21

what is the difference between the average result of global burden globally and in africa?

Answer 21

globally there are over 50% of deaths from NCDs, less than 50% from CDs and around 10% to injuries
in africa there are over 50% to CDs, less than 50% to NCDs and over 10% to injuries

Question 22

what are the millennium development goals?

Answer 22

they were the 8 international development goals for 2015 established following the millennium summit of the united nations in 2000 and the adoption of the united nations millennium declaration

Question 23

what are the 8 MDGs?

Answer 23

eradicating extreme hunger and poverty
achieving universal primary education
promoting gender equality and empowering women
combating AIDS/HIV, malaria and others
improving maternal health
reducing child mortality
ensuring environmental sustainability and clean water
developing a global partnership for development

Question 24

outline the reduction in childhood mortality?

Answer 24

childhood mortality has reduced by over 50% in the last 25 years reducing from 90 to 43 deaths per 1000 live births globally but it failed to meet the MDG of a drop of 2/3

Question 25

outline improving maternal health?

Answer 25

the global maternal mortality has reduced by 50% but is short of the 2/3 aimed for as 830 women die everyday from pregnancy or childbirth related causes

Question 26

outline combating HIV?

Answer 26

target not met but number of people dying has fallen bu around 50% since 2005

Question 27

outline the clean water MDG?

Answer 27

2.6bn more now have access to clean water
the target was achieved 5 years ahead of schedule in 2010 - aim was to half the proportion
663 million still do not have clean water

Question 28

what are the factors in global partnership MDG?

Answer 28

more resources are available and the global health economy has grown by 35%
global stewardship 
shared threats and challenges
global communication 
global commitments to reduce poverty

Question 29

what is the issues with global health systems?

Answer 29

across the globe health systems are unable to provide high quality affordable health services to all

Question 30

how many children die of preventable disease?

Answer 30

30,000 per day

Question 31

what are the three main issues facing global equity in health and the MDG targets?

Answer 31

substandard quality of care
severe shortages of health workers
inequalities in provision of care - not only in the developing world