PROMOTING HEALTH

Question 1

Health promotion:

Answer 1

is the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health

Question 2

Approaches to Create Change

Answer 2

• Effective health promotion involves multi‐level, integrated and complementary interventions and partnerships
• Upstream: Macro‐level (e.g. policy, legislation, affordable health care, safe roads, etc.)
• Midstream: Lifestyle/behaviour programs – possibly aimed at specific populations/groups
• Downstream: Micro‐level (e.g. treatment systems, disease management in clinical research, etc.)

Question 3

The Ottawa Charter (WHO, 1986)

Answer 3

Ways to foster health:
Advocate: determinants of health as favourable as possible( Political, economic, social, cultural, environmental …)
Enable: opportunities and resources to all people to achieve their fullest health potential.

Meditate: between different interest groups in society for the pursuit of health.

Question 4

Action Areas of Ottawa Charter; THE FIVE PILLARS

Answer 4

• Build healthy policy: (health promotion goes beyond health care and includes legislation, fiscal measures, taxation and organisational change)
• Create supportive environments: (living and working conditions that are safe, stimulating, satisfying and enjoyable)
• Strengthen community action: (setting priorities, making decisions, planning strategies and implementing them so that communities control of their own destinies)
• Develop personal skills: (education for health and life skills so people can exercise more control over their own health and their environments)
• Re‐orient health services: we must move increasingly in a health promotion direction, beyond its responsibility for providing clinical and curative services)
• Among its aims is to emphasise ‘the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health’
• As such, it can be seen as a model of self‐empowerment

Question 5

The health iceberg

Answer 5

1) States of health ( measurable)-OUTCOME
2) Contributing factors-RISK FACTOR
3) Lifestyle behaviour-LIFE STYLE FACTORS
4) Psycho-social-cultural determinants-DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

The Health Iceberg Model highlights: both health status and the underlying causes

Question 6

Health promotion campaigns

Answer 6

1) Needs assessment: consulting with key stakeholders/participans
2) Identify objectives: Identify the aims and goals
3) Theory-based methods/ strategies: what frame work/models inform the approached.
4) Program development: who when, where and what
5) Adoption and implementation: how long, who will, is it sustainable?
6) Evaluation plan: Does the program work?
What will tell you if the program has worked or not?
Qualitative and quantitative approaches

Question 7

Social Marketing

Answer 7

• Applying commercial marketing techniques to achieve socially desirable goals
• More than advertising: a comprehensive approach
• Targets individuals to modify risky behaviours and aims to influence those in power to modify the environment to aid behaviour change
• Combines marketing, principles of Ottawa Charter plus a public health approach

Health promoting schools in action/ health education- midstream approaches for adopting healthier behaviours
e.g. include study of antidiscrimination and harassment in curriculum