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micro > Prokaryotic Genetics and Immunology > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Genetics and Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four base pairs of DNA? What are the two categories? which one is which? Which one pairs which which?

A

Bases = GCAT = Guanine, cytosine, Adenine, Thymine
Purines = double ring, adenine and guanine
Pyrimidines = single ring, cytosine and thymine

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2
Q

What is the difference between a guanosine, a guanine base, a guanine nucleotide (dGMP), and a guanosine triphosphate deoxyribosnucleotide (dGTP)? which become DNA?

A

Guanosine= a guanine base + a deoxyribose
Guanine base = just the nitrogen ring
dGMP = base + deoxyribose + 1 phosphate (this is what becomes the DNA stucture)
dGTP= full building block. This is used in synthesis

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3
Q

which way is new DNA synthesized? 3’ and 5’

A

synthsised 5’ to 3’

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4
Q

What three functions does DNA methylation serve? which nucleotide is typically methylated?

A

Adenines are typically methylated. Methylation controls genetic expression, initiation of DNA replication, and protects against viral infection

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5
Q

What is the limiting metabolite in binary fission?

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

What is the difference between RNA primers, mRNA, rRNA and tRNA?

A

RNA primer = created by primase, starts DNA replication by allowing DNApol to start
mRNA = carries genetic info from the DNA to the ribosome. Created by RNApol (complementary to OG DNA)
rRNA = a structural component of ribosomes
tRNA = carries specific amino acids to ribosome

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7
Q

What are the three steps of transcription?

A

1) initiation
2) elongation
3) termination

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8
Q

What are the two types of transcription termination?

A

1) self-termination: DNA terminator causes RNA to fold (C-G rich hairpin loop)
2) Enzyme-dependent termination: Rho protein pushes between pol and DNA along the RNA strand

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9
Q

What are four differences between Eukaryotic transciption and prokaryotic transcription?

A

1) Occurs in the nucleus of Eurkaryote, mitochondria, or chloroplast
2) Three types of RNApol
3) numerous transcription factors
4) mRNA processing : capping, polyadenylation, splicing

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10
Q

Bacterial DNA replication begins at the :

A

orgin

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11
Q

Where does transcription happen (in prokaryotes)

A

nucleoid

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12
Q

What are special features of a bacterial mRNA strand?

A

1)Multiple genes per a mRNA
2) multiple polypeptides per a gene
3) no capping or splicing of mRNA once complete
4)Ribosomal splicing sites for cutting
5)Multiple ribosomes per an mRNA molecule

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13
Q

What are the two components of rRNA? what is the prokaryotic and eukaryotic forms?

A

prokaryotic: 70S (Smaller and odd)
Eukaryotic: 80S (larger and even)
Large and small subunits

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14
Q

What’s an operon?

A

An operon is a set of promoter, operator, and genes regulated by an up steam regulatory gene

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15
Q

What is conjugation (prokaryote)? Transduction? Transformation?

A

Conjugation: transfer of genetic material (plasmid) between bacterial cells via cell (F+ to F- cell) to cell contact
Transduction: when a bacteriophage infects the genome of the bacterial cell. Typically its bacterial genome that has been picked up in the phage formation
Transformation: When bacteria uptake genetic material from environment. Only component bacteria can do this.

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16
Q

What are the two types of mutations?

A

1)Point mutations: silent, missense, nonsense
2) frameshift mutations

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17
Q

What is the innate and adaptive immune reponse?

A

Innate: non-specific, rapidly mobilized, lack memory
Adaptive: specific to pathogen, can confer protective immunity (antibody response), Specific pathogen recogition

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18
Q

Which three components are used by both innate and adaptive immunity

A

Major histocompatibility complex(MHC), cytokines, and the complement system

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19
Q

What is the difference between MHC I and II?

A

-both mediate leukocyte - leukocyte interaction
-MCH I: displays endogenous antigens. Common with CD 8 T cells/cytotoxic
-MCH II: displays exogeneous antigen, Common with CD4 T cells/helper T cells

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20
Q

what is the complement system?

A
  • A collection of proteins in the blood that start the immune system activation in areas of infection
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21
Q

What are the four MOAs of the complement system

A

-Chemotaxis: makes phagocytes move to soluble factor
-cytolysis: lysis of infected cells release fragments that B and T cells can use
-Opsonization: microorganism and/or antigen+antibody complexes are phagocytized
-Anaphylatoxin: promotes vasodilation and vascular permeability via C3a and C5a protein

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22
Q

What are the four types of cytokines

A

1) Interferons (IFNs)/immunoregulatory: important against viruses/intracellular pathogens
2)Proinflammatory:
3)anti-inflammatory
4)colony stimulating factors (CSF) and stem cell factors : for immune cell growth and differentiation

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23
Q

What are the three complement pathways? what do they do?

A

All form a membrane attack complex that causes infected cell lysis, sets infected cells up for phagocytosis
1) classical pathway: triggered by antibodies bound to antigen
2) alternative pathway: activated by microbial surfaces
3) lectin pathway: activated by proteins binding to lectin on pathogen surface

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24
Q

What are the main function of Cytokines

A

low-molecular but potent signaling chemicals for cell defense

25
Q

WHat are the three key features of the innate immune reponse?

A

Rapid, non-specific, short duration

26
Q

What are the components of the innate immune reponse

A

1)Physiological: skin, membranes, secretions
2) immne components: cells and stuff

27
Q

What does lysozyme do?

A

dissolves bacterial cell walls. On/near skin surface

28
Q

What is secreted from glands to stop bacterial infection?

A

pH acidic, fatty acids

29
Q

What are the three MOA that the respirtory tract use to stop infection?

A

1) mucous: bacteria sticks to it. Lysozymes dissolve it, and cilia move it to the stomach
2) IgA (on most mucosal tracts): prevents bacterial attachment (binds to IgA instead of host)
3)Normal flora: outcompetes bad flora

30
Q

What are the protective mechanisms of the GI tract?

A

1)Salivary glands: hydrolytic enzymes
2) stomach: low pH
3) small intestines: proteolytic enzymes
4)Normal flora

31
Q

What are microbial sensors (innate immunity)

A

-present on macrophages/phagocytic cells.
-Three group: TLRs, NLR, RIG-1-like helicases
-patter recognition receptors (PRRs) that can recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
-help innate inflammatory response
- Can be on surface (TLRs) or in cytoplasm looking for products (NOD-like)

32
Q

What are the three types of phagocytic cells?

A

1)macrophages
2) Granulocytes (PMN leukophytes)
3) Dendritic

33
Q

What are the four functions of phagocytic cells

A

1)Chemotaxis
2) Migration
3) ingestion
4) microbial killing

34
Q

What is a monocyte? what is a macrophage?

A

1)Monocyte: Small nacecent macrophage. leukocyte. in blood
2) macrophage: regulate immune activity (cytokine and chemokine activity), FINISH

35
Q

Which granulocyte is phagocytic

A

-PMNs (neutophils)

36
Q

What are the function of Dendritic cells?

A

-phagocytic: should eat and degrade pathogens
-activating T cells via regulatory cytokines and antigen presenting

37
Q

What are the functions of natural killer cells?

A

-large granular lymphocytes
-part of the adaptive immune response as well as the innate
- recognized virus infected cells and tumor cells and triggers apoptosis

38
Q

What are the two major types of cells in adaptive immunity?

A

1)B cells : turn into plasma or memory B cells
2) T cells: become adapted to specific pathogens. Become cytotoxic or helper cells

39
Q

WHat is the cell-mediated response of the adaptive immunity

A

-activation of phagocytes, helper (CD4) T cells, CD8 (antigen specifc) Tcells)

40
Q

What is the humoral response of the adaptive immunity

A

-Phagocytosis leads to antigen production and formation.
-Antigens created by B cells neutralizes the pathogen and marks them

41
Q

What is cell-mediated adaptive immunity?

A

-T-cells directly attack infected cells, leading to apoptosis

42
Q

What does IgG do?

A

-Small, but most abundant in blood and ECF
-mediates opsonization of antigens, complement system, and toxin neutralization. Can cross to fetus

43
Q

WHat does IgM do?

A

-Found in blood and lymph
-First antibody produced during a new infection. Activates complement system

44
Q

What does IgA do?

A

-Found in mucosal areas
-protects vulnerable areas by allowing pathogen attachment to it instead

45
Q

What is the primary immune response? what is the order of antibody production

A

When you encounter a brand new antigen.
Order of antibody production: IgM, IgG, IgA

46
Q

Which immunoglobulin is ussed in aggulination assays?

A

IgM. Very strong response due to five binding sites

47
Q

What does IgE do?

A

-Found in skin and mucous membranes
-important in allergen medation

48
Q

What are the protective functions of antibodies? (6) Give examples

A

-Neutralization: think IgA and mucosal immunity, as well as toxin neutralization
-opsonization: coating pathogens for phagocytes later
-complement activation: IgM and IgG
-agglutination
-cellular cytotoxicity: NK cells
-complemented mediated lysis

49
Q

What are the characteristics of a secondary immune response?

A

-Rapid response, higher antibody titre
-IgM production is consistent, IgG is produced more and longer

50
Q

what is the difference between CD8 and CD4 T cells? What are there roles?

A

CD8: cytotoxic T cells. Recognize MHC I via T cell Receptors (TCRs)
CD4: helper T cells. Activates B cells to produce plasma cells (effector cells) and memory cells

51
Q

Differences (3) between NK T cells and CD8/cytotoxic T cells?

A

NK: not antigen specific, typically go after tumors/virus infected cells because of this
Cytotoxic: antigen specific (must be correct antigen in MHC I),

52
Q

Does tissue injury or fever use cytokines or endotoxins

A

injury -> cytokines, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
fever -> endotoxins

53
Q

What are the five mechanisms of innate immunity?

A

-Microbial sensors:
-Phagocytosis:
-NK cells:
-complement system:
-cytokines:

54
Q

Where would obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and aerotolerant anaerobes lie in a tube of agar?

A

obligate aerobes: at the head of the agar
obligate anaerobes: at the butt of the agar
facultative anaerobes: concentrated at the head, but diffuse throughout
aerotolerant anerobes: diffuse growth throughout

55
Q

Fermentation takes ___ from glycolysis and turns it into ___ and ____

A

It takes pyruvic acid and turns it into lactic acid and ethanol

56
Q

What are the three tRNA binding sites inside of the ribosome?

A

E, P, A.
E- where tRNA exits
P- where amino acid is linked to it
A - where new tRNA enters and amino amino acid is linked to polypeptide chain

57
Q

what MHC receptor does NK cells recognize? What do they do if they do find the receptor?

A

MHC I. If they do find the receptor, they do nothing. If they don’t find the receptor, they are activated to release cytokines and cytotoxic mediators

58
Q

What are the similarities and differences between TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs?

A

Toll-like receptors: detect exogenous PAMPs. Leads to cytokine production
NOD-like receptors: Detect intracellular PAMPS and DAMPs. Leads to inflammation
RIG-like receptors: detect viral intracellular RNA. starts interferon and cytokine production

59
Q
A

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