Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

micro > Bacillus and Clostridium > Flashcards

Bacillus and Clostridium Flashcards

1
Q

How are pathogens (Bacteria) transmitted to host?

A

-Animal food products
-Vectors: ie animal vectors
- P to P
-Fecal oral
-aerosol
-hand to hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are portals or entry into host>

A

-cuts in skin
-resp tract
-GI tract
-genital tract
-urinary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are physiological host defenses?

A

skin, mucous, ciliated epithelium, cell secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are virulence factors? examples? (4)

A

-Stuff the pathogen uses to get into the cell
-Adhesins: proteins that help attachement
-pili
-lipoteichoic acid: also help with attachment
-toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the three steps of biofilm formation?

A

1)attachment: forms microcolonies
2) growth: of mature biofilm
3) detachment: in chunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are exotoxins and endotoxins? Give examples (2 ea)

A

-Proteins that the pathogen uses to harm the host cell
-exotoxins: released by bacteria cell and are taken up by host cell
-endotoxins (EG LPS, peptidoglycan): on the surface of the bacteria that release upon cell lysis. when the endotoxins reach cell surface they harm it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are four tissue-degrading enzymes?

A

Lecithinase, collagenase, coagulase (for blood degradation), hyaluronidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do bacteria secretion systems do?

A

Inject bacterial proteins into the host cell from the bacteria surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are commensal organisms?

A

organisms that work in a symbiotic relationships with their host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the two classes of pathogens?

A

-Strict pathogens: organism that are always associated with disease
-opportunistic: organisms that are apart of normal flora, but can establish disease under certain conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are normal flora on the skin?

A

-aerobic and anaerobic ditheroid bacilli (irregular, non-spore rods)
-non-hemo aerobic and anerobic staph
-gram-pos aerobic spore-forming bacilli
-fungi and yeast
-acid-fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are normal flora on the ear (1 group)? what are the pathogens (3)?

A

-Norm: coag-neg staph
-Pathogen: S.pneuomoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are normal flora on the mouth/throat/nose(5)? what are the pathogens(6)?

A

-Norm: Corynebacteria, Staph, Strep, pneumococci, haemophili
-Pathogen: Strep pyrogenes, strep pneumoniae, staph aureus, neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, enterobacteriaceae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are normal flora on the eye(4)? what are the pathogens(7)?

A

-Norm: coag-negative staph, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Viridans strep
-Pathogen: S.pneumonia, S.auerus, H.influenzae, N.gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, P.aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the normal flora of the lower resp trac (1)t? what are the pathogens (5)?

A

-Norm: sterile-ish
-Pathogen: S.pneumoniae, S.aureus, Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella), anaerobic cocci ssp (Peptostreptococcus), gram-negative rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the normal flora on the Esophagus(2)? what are the pathogens(2)?

A

-Norm: Anything in the saliva and food
-Pathogen: Candida and visuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are normal flora on the stomach (5)? what are the pathogens (2)?

A

-Norm: Lactobacillus, streptococcus, helicobacter pylori, acid-tolerant and lactic acid producing bacteria
-Pathogen: H.pylori, enteric bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the normal flora in the small and large intestines(2)? what are the pathogens (2)?

A

-Norm: anaerobic bacteria, fungi, viruses
-Pathogen: Salmonella and Campylobacter (anything that can cause gastroenteritis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are normal flora on the cervix(1)? what are the pathogens(3)?

A

-Norm: sterile
-Pathogen: N.gonorrhoeae, C.trachomatis, actinomyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibiotics?

A

1)beta-lactams: targets bacterial cell wall synthesis
2)Cell wall/peptidoglycan synth inhibitors
3) Cell membrane disruptors
4)Protein synthesis inhibitors
5) Quinolines: inhibits DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the normal flora on the vagina(4)? what are the pathogens(5)?

A

-Norm: Lactobacilli, staph, strep, Enterobacteriaceae
-Pathogen: N.gonorrhoeae, Tricoomonas vaginalis, C.albicans, herpes, papillomavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are normal flora on the urethra(3)? what are the pathogens(5)?

A

-Norm: lactobacilli, strept, coag-neg straph.
-Pathogen: Enterococcus, enterobacteriaceae, Candida, N.gonorrhoeae, C.trichomatis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are Beta-lactams? give four examples

A

-targets cell wall synthesis (bacterial)
-includes penicillin, cephalosporin, monobactams, carbapenems
-can be broken down by beta-lactamase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are Glycopeptides, Bacitracins MOA?

A

cell wall inhibitors(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is a cell membrane disruptor antibiotic?

A

Polymyxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are five protein synthesis inhibitors?

A

The -cyclines (tetracyline, Doxycycline, Minocyline), Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Clindamycin/lincomycin, Aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why might one person use one antibiotic over another?

A

-Poor penetration into tissue
-not effective on organism
-bacteriostatic verus cidial
-EG) Tetracyline is bacteriostatic and doesn’t penetrate into the CSF very well. Chloramphenicol can be distributed to CNS and CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are quinolines?

A

antibiotics that inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of bacteria is Bacillus?

A

-Spore forming
-gram-pos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What type of bacteria is clostridium

A

-spore forming
-gram-pos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the general characteristics of bacillus? (7) Hemo?

A

-ubiquitous in nature (everywhere)
-spore forming
-aerobic
-found in soil
-saprophytic
-Gram positive
-rod-shaped
-Can be hemo, but not nessisary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is bacillus morphology? (6) Hemo?

A

-Rods, with boxy ends
-chains
-spores in the middle
-non-motile
-round colonies on agar
-can be hemolytic, but not necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the two special characteristics of bacillus?

A

-Saphrophytic
-spores –> can be sterilized via autoclaving

34
Q

What is cutaneous anthrax? Where does it dome from? what does it do?

A

When injured skin gets infected with anthrax.
-Spores from contaminated soil or animals, germinate at entry site. Vegetative cells form gelatinous edema
-Can get into lymphatic system, blood stream, other tissue
-can be fatal, but treatable and aparent
-black scab (eschar)

35
Q

What is GI anthrax? What does it causes

A

-When one eats anthrax
-causes intestinal inflammation, vomitting, fever
-rarely fatal, but you would wish you were dead (20 to 60% fatal)

36
Q

What is inhalation anthrax?

A

-Spores inhalled into lungs
-when spore germinate into the lungs, they start to form toxins in the lymph nodes and lungs
-leads to hmorrhaging and sepsis

37
Q

What is sepsis (measured)

A

1e7 bacterial cells per mL of blood

38
Q

What is the capsule of B.anthracis made of? what does it do?

A

-Avirulent strains do not have capsules (capsules = virulent)
- made of poly-D-glutamic acid
-prevents phagocytosis

39
Q

What are the three anthrax toxins? are they endo or exotoxins?

A

-PA: protective antigen: binds to membrane and one of the other toxins
-EF (edema factor): activates a signaling cascade that results in fluid formation
-LF (lethal factor): activates a signaling cascade that results in cell death
-are all exotoxins

40
Q

What makes a host susceptible to B.anthracis(5)? what makes them resistant(4)?

A

Susceptible: proliferation at the site of entry, capsule is intact, large amounts of proteinaceous fluid, few leukocytes, rapid dissemination into bloodstream
Resistant: proliferation of a few hours, large accumulation of leukocyte, capsules disintegrate, localized

41
Q

What is the most common type of anthrax infection?

A

cutaneous

42
Q

What is the development of cutaneous anthrax at 1-7 days? how about 7- 10 post infection? What antibiotics help?

A

1-7: insect bite leads to necrotic ulcer with black eschar and marked edema. Lymphangitis, lymphadenopathy and normal fever symptoms
7-10 (post-infection): fully developed eschar eventually dries and separates. Leaves a scar
-Antibiotics do not stop disease progression, just prevent dissemination. Use Ciprofloxacin (a quinolone), or Penicillin G and gentamycin/streptomycin

43
Q

What is the incubation period of inhalation anthrax?

A

6 weeks

44
Q

What are the early and later manifestations of inhalation anthrax?

A

Early: marked hemorraging necrosis, edema of mediastinum. Subpleural pain, mediastinal widening on chest radiograph
Later: hemorrhagic pleural effusions, sepsis

45
Q

Where do you get specimens from for inhalation, cutaneous and GI anthrax? (for testing and from environment)

A

-Inhalation: Fluid from pus, lesion, blood, CSF, and pleural fluid.
-GI: Stool or other intestinal contents
-Found in contaminated soil

46
Q

How does B.anthracis look on agar(3)?

A

-BAP: non-hemo, grey to white, rough/ground glass texture
-Medusa head: leaves a mark when you try to pull or spread it. It doesn’t want to leave the plate
-Increase capsules on bicarbonate agar

47
Q

What does a B.anthracis gram stain look like

A

looong gram positive rod chains

48
Q

What is the ID test for B.anthracis

A

-Lysis by anthrax gamma-bacteriophage
- Detection of capsule by florescent antibody
-ID of toxin genes by PCR

49
Q

Why don’t we use anthrax vaccines

A

-lots of intramuscular boosters. followed by annual boosters
-Thee vaccine sucks ass+

50
Q

What antibiotics do we use to treat anthrax (2)?

A

-Ciprofloxacin: a quinolone that prevents the unwinding and duplicating of bacterial DNA
-Penicillin G + gentamycin/streptomycin

51
Q

Where is B.anthracis found?

A

-soil
-grazing animals -> infected via injured mucous membrane

52
Q

What does B.cereus cause? what causes it?

A

-causes food posioning: vomiting, diarrhea
-produces toxins that causes the infections
-happens quickly, but leaves quickly (24 hr flu/food posioning)

53
Q

Where does B.cereus come from? how does it get into us?

A

Found in soil. Contaiminated plants have spores on them, which can germinate when cooked (rice)

54
Q

how much B.cereus needed to have an illness?

A

Unlike antrax, B.cereus is normally found in 1e5 bacteria per a gram of food. This makes it hard to test via fecals

55
Q

What else can B.cereus infect (3)?

A

Skin, eye (forgein body, trauma), systemic infections due to medical devices (typically due to medical device/drug use)

56
Q

What antimicrobial agents can you use against B.cecrus (2.5)?

A

-Vancomycin
-Clindamycin (+ aminogylcosides)

57
Q

Which bacillus has hemolysis? Which bacillus has long thin chains?
(Bacillus cereus versus anthrax)

A

Thin long chains: anthracis
Hemolysis: cereus

58
Q

What are the general characteristics of Clostridium (6)? where does it live? what does it cause(4)? hemo?

A

-Anaerobic
-large, gram pos rods
-no big chains
-motile -> flagella
-live in soil or instinal tracts
-saprophytes
-Causes botulism, teanus, gas ganrene, and pseudomembrane colitis
-spores have larger diameter than rodes
-B-hemo

59
Q

What can Clostridium ssp cause?

A

Tetanus, botulism

60
Q

Grow me some Clostridium ssp: What are the growth characteristics and colony formation of Clostridium on agar? what environment does it need? hemo?

A

-Growing: saccharolytic or proteolytic (sugar and protein). Needs anaerobic conditions (some aerotolerant). Likes BAP
- Looks like: large raised round colonies. Produce a zone of beta hemo

61
Q

What are characteristics of Clostridium ssp under a microscope?

A

-gram positive rods
-spores have a large dia than rods

62
Q

How do you get botulism? what causes botulism?

A

get it thru ingesting bad food, but found in soil and feces. Caused by C.botulinum

63
Q

Is the C.botulinum toxin an endotoxin or an exotoxin? how many antigenic varieties are known and how many are pathogenic?

A

Endotoxin. Seven different types A thru G. only four (A, B, E, and F) are pathenogenic
E: seafood botulism
F: infant botulism

64
Q

What does the C.botulinum toxin do? What neurotransmitter does it affect

A

It breaks down the SNARE proteins that allow synaptic vessicles to release their Ach

65
Q

How do you neutralize anthrax toxin? how about botulism toxin?

A

Botulism: 20 min at 100 C
Anthrax: raxibacumab or obiltoxaximab (bind to PA)

66
Q

What are common sources of botulism?

A

Likes anerobic environments it can eat stuff in
-spiced, smoked, vacuum-packed, or canned foods
-honey, jarred baby food

67
Q

What is the clinical presentation of botulism

A

-Progressive paralysis
- Eventually resp paralysis or cardiac arrest
-starts with incoordination of small muscles: Visual disturbances, inability to swallow, speech difficulty
-No post-infection anti-toxin

68
Q

How do you test for C.botulinum?(sample recovery, test)

A

-recover bacteria from feces, gastric secetrion, or serum
-Mouse-bio assay, ELISA, or PCR
-can be grown from the infected food

69
Q

What is a mouse bio-assay

A

-mouse is injected IP with specimen
-if C.bot is present, mouse dies rapidly

70
Q

What are some treatments for botulism

A

-Antitoxins for A, B and E
-Supportive care: respiration aid (for infant botulism)

71
Q

Where does C.botulinum come from?

A

-Starts in the soil
-veg, fruit or other plant material contain it
-canned/preserved food provide an anaerobic environment for spores

72
Q

Where is C.tetani come from?

A

-Found in soil and feces

73
Q

What is the clinical pathology of teteus (incubation period, characteristics, mortality rate)

A

-Incu period: 4-5
-Causes tonic contractions of voluntary muscles: lock jaw. Starts are area of injury
-death from interference with respiration process

74
Q

How does C.tetani invade the body?

A

-localized to area where spores are introduced (injury)
-Toxin from vegetative cells reach CNS –> Causes hyperreflexia and paralysis

75
Q

How do you diagnose tetus?

A

-culture tissues
-antitoxin tests

76
Q

How to stop tetani (prevention (4) and treatment):

A

Prevention: Immunization with toxoid, proper wound care, antitoxin, penicillin
Treatment: IM administraiton of anti-toxin, muscle relaxants, sedation, ventilation, large dose IV anti-toxin, additional doeses of toxoid

77
Q

What does C.tetani look like under a microscope:

A

Same of other Clostrium ssp, but has a flaggella

78
Q

How can C.tetani can be IDed?

A

specific flagellar antigen. Common O antigen

79
Q

What toxin does C.tetani produce? what does it do?

A

tetanospasmin. Binds to pre-synaptic inhibitory cells, stopping them from down regulating Ach excitatory signals

80
Q

what class of antibiotics is B.cereus resistent against?

A

beta-lactams. They produces beta-lactamases

81
Q
A

micro (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions