Prokaryotic Cell Structure Flashcards

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1
Q

where is the cell wall in a bacteria cell

A

outer barrier of the cell, the very outside of the cell

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2
Q

where is the plasma membrane located in bacterial cells relative to the cell wall?

A

beneath the cell wall, as a layer of phospholipids

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3
Q

In a bacterial cell, the cell wall + plasma membrane make up the:

A

envelope

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4
Q

What does the cell wall do in a bacterial cell?

A

provides structure, controls movement of solutes into and out of the cell

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5
Q

why is it important for the cell wall to control the movement of solutes in a bacterial cell?

A

to maintain concentration gradients relative to the environment

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6
Q

What are the two main types of cell walls?

A

Gram positive and negative

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7
Q

What color are gram positive cell walls stained? What exactly is being stained?

A

violet - the peptidoglycan in the cell wall, which is immense in gram positive cells.

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8
Q

what does penecillin target?

A

the enzyme that catalyzes the cross-linking of peptidoglycan

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9
Q

other than peptidoglycan, other significant thing do gram positive bacteria have in the cell walls?

A

lipoteichoic acid (LTA)

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10
Q

Do Gram negative cells have peptidoglycan in the cell walls?

A

Yes, but far less than gram positive.

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11
Q

how many membranes do gram negative cells have?

A

two, an outer and inner membrane

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12
Q

What is the space called in between the inner and outer membranes of gram negative cells?

A

the periplasmic space

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13
Q

what two major components are found on the outer membranes of gram negative cells?

A

lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids

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14
Q

What on the outer membrane of gram negative cells triggers the strongest inflammatory response?

A

The lipopolysaccharides on the outer membrane

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15
Q

How many flagella can bacteria have?

A

one or many

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16
Q

the ability for a cell to move towards or away a chemical stimuli is called:

A

chemotaxis

17
Q

What are the 3 major components of bacterial flagella?

A

filament, basal body, hook

18
Q

What is the filament of flagella and what is it made of?

A

It is a hollow structure made of flagellin

19
Q

What is the basal body of flagella?

A

it anchors the flagellum to the membrane, and it is also the motor of the flagellum.

20
Q

What does the hook do in a flagellum?

A

Connects the basal body to the filament so it can rotate it.

21
Q

Do bacteria use histone proteins in DNA?

A

No, but some use similar histone-like proteins

22
Q

Do archaea use histones in DNA?

A

yes

23
Q

What are plasmids?

A

a small genetic structure that can replicate outside of chromosomes.

24
Q

What kind of DNA is on plasmids?

A

Non-essential DNA for the survival of the cell.

25
Q

Are plasmids considered to be a part of the genome for bacteria?

A

No

26
Q

What does the fact that ribosomes of prokaryotes being much smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes say about protein synthesis?

A

That is is done differently in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes and antibiotics can target prokaryotic ribosomes nearly exclusively.

27
Q

Prokaryotes do not have mitochondria, so how do they generate ATP without the electron transport chain in mitochondria?

A

The cell membrane is used for the electron transport chain to generate ATP instead.

28
Q

Do prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton?

A

Yes, but it is extremely simple compared to eukaryotes.

29
Q

what are the size numbers of the subunits of prokaryotic ribosomes?

A

30S and 50S

30
Q

what are the size numbers of the subunits of eukaryotic ribosomes?

A

40S and 60S

31
Q

What is the main protein of prokaryotic flagella? Eukaryotic flagella?

A

Tubulin, microtubules

32
Q

What is the main energy source of prokaryotic flagella? Eukaryotic flagella?

A

Protons, ATP