Membrane-Bound Organelles

Question 1

Each cell has a membrane enclosing a semifluid cytosol in which the [] are suspended.

Answer 1

organelles

Question 2

In eukaryotic cells, most organelles are [], allowing for compartmentalization of functions.

Answer 2

membrane bound

Question 3

Membranes of eukaryotic cells consist of a [] bilayer.

Answer 3

Membranes of eukaryotic cells consist of a phospholipid bilayer.

Question 4

The phospholipid bilayer is unique in that its surfaces are [], electrostatically interacting with the aqueous environments inside and outside of the cell, while its inner portion is [], which helps to provide a highly selective barrier between the interior of the cell and the external environment.

Answer 4

The phospholipid bilayer is unique in that its surfaces are hydrophilic, electrostatically interacting with the aqueous environments inside and outside of the cell, while its inner portion is hydrophobic, which helps to provide a highly selective barrier between the interior of the cell and the external environment.

Question 5

The [] allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell.

Answer 5

The cytosol allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell.

Question 6

Within the nucleus, genetic material is encoded in [], which is organized into [].

Answer 6

Within the nucleus, genetic material is encoded in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which is organized into chromosomes.

Question 7

Eukaryotic cells reproduce by [], allowing for the formation of two identical daughter cells.

Answer 7

Eukaryotic cells reproduce by mitosis, allowing for the formation of two identical daughter cells.

Question 8

the organelle that is the center of control for a cell is the:

Answer 8

nucleus

Question 9

The [], also known as the [], surrounds the nucleus, and is a double membrane that maintains a separate environment for the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Answer 9

nuclear membrane/nuclear envelope

Question 10

[] are found in the nuclear membrane which allow for materials to be sent in AND out of the isolated region of the nucleus

Answer 10

nuclear pores

Question 11

Why is it important that the nuclear envelope provides a distinct environment for the nucleus?

Answer 11

transcription and translation are performed away from each other in different regions of the cell.

Question 12

regions of DNA that code for proteins are called

Answer 12

genes

Question 13

linear DNA is wound around proteins called

Answer 13

histone proteins

Question 14

DNA with histone proteins is further wound into denser structures called:

Answer 14

chromosomes

Question 15

the [] of the nucleus is where rRNA is made

Answer 15

nucleolus

Question 16

the nucleolus takes up approximately X % of the space of the nucleus, and is identified as a darker spot in the nucleus.

Answer 16

about 25%

Question 17

the [] is the powerhouse of the cell

Answer 17

mitochondria

Question 18

the mitochondrion contains two layers:

Answer 18

the inner and outer membrane

Question 19

The purpose of the outer membrane of mitochondria:

Answer 19

to provide a barrier between the internal area of the mitochondrion and the external cytosol of the cell.

Question 20

what is the difference between the cytoplasm and the cytosol?

Answer 20

the cytosol is just the fluid, the cytoplasm refers to everything contained by the cell membrane, which includes the cytosol.

Question 21

the inner membrane of mitochondria is organized into many foldings called []

Answer 21

cristae

Question 22

the cristae of mitochondria contain:

Answer 22

molecules and enzymes of the electron transport chain

Question 23

the space between the inner and outer membranes of mitochondria is called the:

Answer 23

intermembrane space

Question 24

the space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondrion is called the:

Answer 24

mitochondrial matrix

Question 25

proton-motive force is established from mitochondria by pumping protons between:

Answer 25

the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

Question 26

protons from proton-motive force flow [] to generate ATP during []

Answer 26

ATP synthase; oxidative phosphorylation

Question 27

the concept that some organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast arise from the engulfing of one prokaryote by another to form a symbiotic relationship is known as the theory of:

Answer 27

endosymbiosis theory

Question 28

mitochondria are different from other organelles genetically because:

Answer 28

they have some of their own genes, and replicate on their own with binary fission (like a prokaryote would)

Question 29

what is cytoplasmic/extranuclear inheritance

Answer 29

the transmission of genetic material without the use of the nucleus

Question 30

which organelle is responsible for killing the cell by releasing enzymes from the electron transport chain (apoptosis - controlled cell death)

Answer 30

mitochondria

Question 31

this organelle has hydrolytic enzymes to break down substrates

Answer 31

lysosomes

Question 32

[] transport, package and sort materials from the cell membrane

Answer 32

endosomes

Question 33

the enzymes of lysosomes can lead to:

Answer 33

apoptosis

Question 34

the [] is a series of interconnected membranes that are continuous with the nuclear envelope

Answer 34

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 35

the endoplasmic reticulum has a [] membrane

Answer 35

double

Question 36

[] is studded with ribosomes and sends newly created proteins directly to the lumen of the ER

Answer 36

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Question 37

[] lacks ribosomes and is instead used in lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons

Answer 37

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 38

the synthesis of phospholipids would be found in

Answer 38

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (lipid synthesis)

Question 39

the [] transports proteins from the Rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 39

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 40

the [] consists of stacked membrane-bound sacks

Answer 40

goldi apparatus

Question 41

the materials from the ER are transferred to the golgi apparatus in

Answer 41

vesicles

Question 42

once inside the [], cellular products might be modified with the addition of groups such as carbohydrates, phosphates, sulfates.

Answer 42

golgi apparatus

Question 43

The golgi apparatus can direct cell contents to specific locations with the use of

Answer 43

signal sequences

Question 44

what is exocytosis

Answer 44

when vesicles merge with a membrane to release the contents of a vesicle

Question 45

not all cells have the same concentration of organelles. For example: sperm cells have a lot of

Answer 45

mitochondria

Question 46

not all cells have the same concentration of organelles. For example: blood cells have

Answer 46

no organelles

Question 47

cells involved in secretion, such as the pancreatic islet cells, have a high concentration of which organelles:

Answer 47

RER and Goldi apparatuses

Question 48

peroxisomes contain:

Answer 48

hydrogen peroxide

Question 49

one of the primary functions of [] is to break down the very long fatty acid chains via B-Oxidation

Answer 49

peroxisomes

Question 50

[] play a role in the synthesis of phospholipids and contain some of the enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway

Answer 50

peroxisomes