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BACTE (LEC) LESSON 1 > Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Structure > Flashcards

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 prokaryotic cell structures? (From the innermost up to the outermost)

A
  • Cytoplasmic structure
  • Cell envelope structure
  • Surface Polymers
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2
Q

Which is/are true about bacteria?
A. They have a nucleus
B. Their genome consists of a single circular chromosome
C. They are smaller than viruses
D. They can be prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

B

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3
Q

The nucleoid or chromatin body is attached to ___. A saclike structure in cell membrane.

A

Mesosome

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4
Q

Bacterial ribosomes consist of what?

A. RNA only
B. RNA and DNA
C. RNA and Protein
D. RNA, DNA, and Protein

A

C. RNA and Protein

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5
Q

They are the sites of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

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6
Q

T or F
Bacteria size is 70S and dissociate into two subunits 50S and 20S.

A

False - two subunits are 50S and 30S
Because their is a loss of surface area, and the two subunits add up to only 70S

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7
Q

Stained bacteria sometimes reveal the presence of ___ in cytoplasm.

A

Granules

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8
Q

The granules of bacteria stained are storage deposits of what?

A

Polysaccharides (glycogen) and lipids (poly-ɓ- hydroxybutyrate or polyphosphates)

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9
Q

Certain genera such as Bacillus and Clostridium produce ___ in response to harsh environment.

A

Endospore

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10
Q

Which is/ are true about endospore?
A. Only found in bacteria
B. They have 3 locations
C. They are dormant
D. Response to harsh environment

A

All of the above

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11
Q

Endospore develops outside or inside the cell?

A

Of course inside (endo) BOBO kana gd kung magsala kapa…

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12
Q

Endospore become vegetative cells when?

A

When harsh environment or condition is removed.

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13
Q

Which is/ are true about endospore?
A. They have thick walls
B. They are asexual spore
C. They protect bacteria from foreign bodies
D. They are means of reporduction.

A

A and B

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14
Q

T or F
The thick protein coat in the endospore makes them highly resistant to chemical agent, temperature changes, starvation, dehydration, uv and gamma rays and desiccation

A

True

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15
Q

What are the different locations of of spore?

A

-Central
-Terminal
- Subterminal

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16
Q

Causative agent of tetanus (terminal spore)

A

Clostridium tetani

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17
Q

They appear highly refractile bodies in the cell.

A

Spores

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18
Q

T or F
Spores are the stained (gram stain) area of the bacteria.

A

False- they are the unstained areas in the cells.

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19
Q

Most commonly used endospore stain.

A

Schaeffer-Fulton

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20
Q

What are the identifying characteristics of the spores?

A

Size, shape, interior location

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21
Q

What are the parts of the cytoplasmic structure?

A
  • Circular chromosome
  • Mesosome
  • Ribosomes
  • Cytoplasmic granules
  • Endospores
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22
Q

T or F
Cell envelope consists of the membrane and structure surrounding cytoplasm.

A

True

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23
Q

T or F
Prokaryotic Plasma membrane is made of phospholipids, proteins including sterols.

A

F- it doesn’t contains sterols except acid fast wall bacteria

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24
Q

Prokaryotic Plasma membrane acts as an _____
A. Osmotic barrier
B. Location of electron transport chain
C. Both
D. Neither

A

C

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25
Q

What are the purpose of the cell wall of bacteria

A
  • maintain shapes of the cells
  • prevent bursting of the cells
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26
Q

What are the two major types of cell walls?

A

Gram positive and negative type

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27
Q

What do you call the modified cell wall of mycobacteria?

A

Acid-fast cell wall

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28
Q

Give Microorganism that have no cell wall.

A

Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma

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29
Q

Which is/are true about gram positve bacteria?
A. Bacteria with thick walls (peptidoglycan)
B. Contains lipolysaccharides
C. Stain in purple or deep blue
D. They consist of teichoic acid

A

A, C , D

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30
Q

Other term of peptidoglycan.

A

Murein

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31
Q

Which is/are true about gram negative?
A. They don’t have cell wall
B. They have a thin cell wall of peptidoglycan.
C. Stain in purple
D. They contain lipopolysaccharides

A

B and D

32
Q

Which statement is/are true?
A. Teichoic acid retains crystal pink on gram negative.
B. Antibiotics are more effective in gram-positive than gram-negative.
C. Mycoplasma can be stained in gram staining
D. Mycoplasma is consist of protective cell wall

A

B. It is because of their thick cell wall. Antibiotics prevent the synthesis of peptidoglycan. Unlike to gram negative which has thin and different cell wall.

33
Q

Differentiate the gram negative from gram positive

A

-Gram negative has an outer membrane layers
- Gram negative has periplasmic space (space between cell membrane and peptidoglycan)
- they have thinner wall compare to positive
- they have lipopolysaccharides

34
Q

Peptidoglycan consist of what?

A
  • glycan
  • alternating N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG) and
  • N-acetyl-d-muramic acid (NAM)
35
Q

Two components unique to gram positive.

A

Teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid

36
Q

T or F
Gram negative compose of two layers.

A

T - inner and outer membrane

37
Q

The outer layer of gram negatice consists of what?

A

Proteins, phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

38
Q

The LPS of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria consists of three region. What are they?

A

-antigenic-O polysaccharide
- core polysaccharide
- inner lipid A (endotoxin) (dangerous)

39
Q

What region of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria produces fever and shock when infected?
A. Inner lipid A
B. Core polysaccharide
C. Antigenic- O polysaccharide
D. ALL OF THESE

A

A

40
Q

T or F
All gram positve bacteria has endotoxin.

A

F- it’s all negative bacteria BITCH!!

41
Q

Which is/are true about acid fast?
A. Most bacteria are gram-positive
B. They are not stain in gram stain because of mycolic acid.
C. They are pleomorphic (can change sizes)
D. They don’t have cell wall

A

All answers are correct

42
Q

Genera of bacteria with no cell wall.

A

Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

43
Q

Which is/ are true about mycolic acid?
A. Waxy layer of glycolipids and FA
B. Bound in the interior of cell wall
C. More than 60% of the cell wall is lipid, and major lipids are mycolic lipids
D. They are strongly hydrophilic

A

A and C
-they are bound in the exterior of cell wall
- they are strong hydrophobic mol. That affects the permeability.

44
Q

T or F
Mycobacterium and Nocardia spp. Stain faint blue in gram staining.

A

True - they are gram postive bacteria. However, they are recommended to be done in acid-fast stain.

45
Q

What are the reagents in Acid-fast stain?

A
  • Carbolfuchsin
  • acid alcohol (decolorizer)
46
Q

T or F
Mycoplasma and Ureeplasma genera don’t have cell wall and contain sterols in their cell mebrane.

A

True.

47
Q

T or F
The absence of cell walls in certain bacteria results in various shape

A

True

48
Q

Various pathogenic bacteria produce a discrete organized covering called

A

Capsule

49
Q

Which is/are true about the capsule of bacteria?
A. Made up of polysaccharide
B. Made up of peptides
C. Made up of lipids
D. All of these

A

A, B

50
Q

Which statement is/are true?
A. Capsules act as virulence factors, helping the pathogen evade phagocytosis.
B. Capsule serves as protection in virulence
C. In serological tests, capsules must be remove to detect somatic antigen.
D. Capsule removal done by boiling

A

All of the above.

51
Q

T or F
Capsule can’t be stained in gram stain but stain in India ink. It appears clear area (halo-like) surrounds the microorganism.

A

F it can’t stain by both then T to the other statement

52
Q

T or F
The colony of capsules is mucoid/slimy.

A

True

53
Q

Species of bacteria with most mucoid capsule.

A

Klebsiella pneumoniae (causative agent of pneumonia)

54
Q

They are similar to capsule but are more diffuse layers surrounding the cell.

A

Slime layer

55
Q

Purpose of slime layers

A
  • Inhibits phagocytosis
  • aid adherence to host tissue or sythetic implants
56
Q

Example of bacteria with slime layer

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

57
Q

Most common mechanism for evading phagocytosis is ___

A

Having a polysaccharide capsule on the surface.

58
Q

T or F
Encapsulated bacteria are more virulence compare to those who dont have.

A

True

59
Q

An exterior cell appendage of bacteria that rotate and cause bacteria to move

A

Flagella

60
Q

Types of flagella

A
  • monotrichous
  • lophotrichous
  • polar
  • peritrichous
  • amphitrichous
61
Q

Flagella that extend from one end of bacterium.

A

Polar/monotrichous

62
Q

A flagilla that has Mutiple tufts at one end term of bacteria

A

Lopotrichous

63
Q

Fastest type of flagella

A

Peritrichous

64
Q

Nonmotile, long hollow protein tubes that connect two bacterial cells and mediate exchange of DNA.

A

Pili/conjugation pili

65
Q

Which is/are true about pilus?
A. One donor connects to pilus to transfer DNA
B. attach a bacterial cell to specific surfaces or to other cells.
C. Both
D. Neither

A

C

66
Q

No motility, shorter than flagella, sex attachment only, they are sticky and hard to detached

A

Fibria/e

67
Q

An appendage that adhere some bacterial cells to one another and to environment surfaces.

A

Fimbria

68
Q

Which microorganisms is/are eukaryotes?
A. Bacteria and parasites
B. Fungi and archaebacteria
C. Parasites and archaeabacteria
D. Parasites and fungi

A

D

69
Q

It is the site of rRNA synthesis.

A

Nucleolus

70
Q

Which statement is/are true
A. Ribosomes are sites for protein synthesis
B. Smooth ER also synthesizes protein
C. Rough ER contains ribosomes
D. Smooth ER synthesize phospholipids

A

A, C, D

71
Q

They modify package of protein sent by Rough ER.

A

Golgi apparatus

72
Q

They contain hydrolytic enzymes for the degradation of macromolecules within the cell.

A

Lysosomes

73
Q

Contain protective enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide within the cell.

A

Peroxisomes

74
Q

A lipid in PM that has a stabilizing effect and helps keep the membrane fluid.

A

Cholesterol

75
Q

Provide rigidity and strength to the exterior of the cell.

A

Cell walls

76
Q

Fungi cell wall is made up of ___

A

Polysaccharide like chitin, mannan and glucam.

BACTE (LEC) LESSON 1 (9 decks)

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