Biochemistry, Metabolism ,and Genetics Flashcards
Bacteria consist ____ to break down organic compounds and the reactions they use to synthesize new bacterial parts from the resulting carbon skeleton.
Biochemistry
What is created during metabolic breakdown?
Energy
In bacteriametabolism can be regulated by either…
- by regulating the production of an enzyme itself.
- by regulating the activity of enzymes.
Which statement is/are true about diagnostic scheme analysis in unknownbacteria?
A. Utilization of various substrates as carbon source
B. Production of specific end products from various substrates
C. Production of an acid or alakaline pH in the test medium
D. All of the above
D
It determines the genus of bacteria
Biochemistry
What is/are the common products of bacterial metabolism?
- alcohol and acid
T or F
Bacteria only used glucose as energy.
True
What is the product of glycolis
pyruvic acid
Bacteria use biochemical pathways to catabolize carbohydrates and produce energy by two mechanisms what are they?
A. Fermentation
B. Oxidation
C. Respiration
D. Saponification
A and B
Fermentation is an anaerobic process of metabolism carried out by.
both obligate and facultative anaerobes
T or F
Fermentation is less efficient in respiration compared to energy generation.
False- it is less efficient in energy generation
Two important diagnostic tests in the identification of Enterobacteriaceae.
Voges-Proskauer (VP)
Methyl red tests
An efficient energy generating process in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
Respiration(oxidation)
What is the starting carbohydrate for bacterial fermentation/oxidation?
Glucose
T or F
When bacteria use other sugars as a carbon source, they first convert the sugar to glucose.
True
What are the 3 major biochemical pathways bacteria used to break down glucose to pyruvic acid?
(EMP)- Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Glycolytic pathway
(PPP)- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
(EDP)- Enter-Duodoroff pathway
What is the major end product of alcohol fermentation?
Ethanol
This is the pathway used by yeasts when they ferment glucose to produce ethanol
Alcoholic fermentation
The end product of Homolactic fermentation is exclusively
Lactic acid
T or F
Staphylococcus genus and clostridium genus undergo Homolactic fermentation .
False - it is Streptococcus and Lactobacillus
What are the products of Heterolactic fermentation.
(CAFAL)
- CO2
- Alcohol
- Formic acid
- Acetic acid
- Lactic acid
What is the major product of Propionic acid fermentation?
Propionic acid bitch!!!!
What species of bacteria undergo propionic acid fermentation?
Propionibacterium acnes
What genera of bacteria used the mixed acid fermentation?
S- Shigella
E- Eschericia
S- Salmonella
E- Enterobacteriaceae
What are the end products of mixed acid fermentation?
A. Lactic acid
B. Acetic acid
C. Succinic acid
D. Formic acid
All of the above
What genera undero butanediol fermentation?
K- Klebsiella
E- Enterobacter
S- Serratia
E- Enterobacteriaceae
End product of Butanediol fermentation?
Acetoin (acetyl methyl carbinol)
2,3-butanediol
T or F
(Butanediol fermentation)
The organisms that have a positive VP reaction usually have negative reactions to methyl red test and vice versa
True
Type of fermentation that certain obligates anaerobes produce butyric acid as their primary end product.
Butyric acid fermentation
What obligate anaerobes bacteria undergo butyric acid fermentation?
(EuFuC)
Eubacterium
Fusobacterium
Clostridium
Most important pathway for complete oxidation under aerobic conditions.
Kreb cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle
What is the starter compound in kreb cycle?
Pyruvate
Product of kreb cycle
Hydrogen and carbon
This cyl3e results in the production of acid and the evolution of CO2.
Kreb cycle
Correct Pathway of energy production?
Glycolysis-kreb cycle- Electron transport chain- oxidative phosphorylation
This fermentation is not performed by all bacteria except Enterobacteria
Lactose fermentation
What are the 2 steps in lactose fermentation?
- first, transportation of lactose across the cell wall of bacteria by the enzyme (ɓ-galactose permease)
- occurs inside the cell that require the enzyme (ɓ-galactosidase) to break the galactoside bond, releasing glucose which can be fermented
2 enzymes involved in lactose fermentation
ɓ-galactoside permease
ɓ-galactosidase
Who discovered the DNA?
Frederick Miescher
Who discovered the helix structure of DNA?
Rosalind Franklin
It amplifies the DNA sequences and detects a very small number of bacteria present in a specimen.
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
It is the genetic potential of the DNA of an organisms.
Genotype
T or F
Some genes are expressed only in certain conditions.
True
T or F
DNA- messenger RNA- Protein
True
The duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a daughter cell.
Replication
It is the syhthesis of ssRNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
Transcription
The actual synthesis of a specific protein from the mRNA code.
Translation
A group of 3 nucleotide.
Codon
In translation, ribosomes containing rRNA sequentially add ____ to the growing polypeptide chain.
Nucleotides
The amino acids are brought to the ribosome via
transfer RNA /tRNA
Other terms of bacterial chromosome .
Genome
Bacterial chromosome contains ___.
A. Single, close circular piece of ssDNA
B. Single, close circular piece of dsDNA
C. Single, complex piece of dsDNA
D.single, complex piece of ssDNA
B
Many bacteria contain extra info on small circular pieces of extrachromosomal dsDNA called
Plasmid
T or F
Plasmids are essential for bacterial growth.
False
Genes that code for antibiotics located in…
Plasmid
The no. of plasmid in bacteria range from ____.
1 to 100
Where is the location of plasmid?
Cytoplasm
Which is/are true about plasmid?
A. It is self-reflecting
B. Similar to chromosomal DNA
C. can be passed nonsexually (conjugation)
D. They are extra chromosome
All answers are correct
T or F
Certain pieces of DNA are mobile.
True
It is the ability of the DNA to jump from one place in chromosome to another places.
Jumping genes
The simplest mobile piece of DNA
Insertion sequence (IS) element
T or F
IS element code for multiple genes.
False- only one gene
What is the purpose of IS element?
Disrupt and inactivates the gene
Mobile elelents that contain additional genes.
Transposons
Carries antibiotic-resistance genes and is found in the plasmidnof bacteria.
Transposons
Changes in DNA sequence.
Muration
Type of mutation that doesn’t change the protein
Silent mutation
A mutation that results achange in one nucleotide base.
Point mutation
What factors increases the mutation rate of bacteria?
Exposure to certain chemical and physical agents
A method by which genes transferred between homologous region on two DNA molecules.
Genetic recombination
This method provides to obtain new combinations of biochemical pathways and copy with changes in their environment.
Genetic recombination
Mechanism of Gene transfer.
Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation
Uptake and incorporation of naked DNA.
Transformation
Cell that can take up naked DNA are referred as ___.
Competent
Example of natural competent bacteria.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Haemophilus influenzae
Synthetic competent bacteria.
E. coli
The transfer of bacterial genes by bacteriophage.
Transduction
T or F
The bacteriophage takes the lytic pathway during transduction.
True
The phage DNA instead becomes incorporated into bacterial genome, where it is replicated along with the bacterial chromosomal DNA. This state is called? and the phage is called?
Lysogeny
Phage (Temperate)
Transfer of genetic material from donor bacterial strain to recipient stain.
Conjugation
T or F
Donor strain is (F+) while the recipient is (F-)
True
A hollow surface appendage produced by the donor (F+). Which binds to recipient (F-) cell. To make the two cells in close contact.
Sex pilus
Both plasmid and chromosomal genes can be transferred by this method.
Conjugation
When the F factor is integrated into the bacterial chromosome rather than plasmid, there is a higher frequency of transfer of adjacent chromosomal genes called…
High-frequency (Hfr) strains
They are produced to cut incoming, foreign DNA, at specific sequences.
Restriction enzymes
T or F
The first 2 letters in the restriction endonuclease name indicate the bacterial source of the enzyme
True
E. coli=EcoRI
H. influenzae=
HinIII
Which statement is/are true about restriction enzymes?
A. In biotechnology, its purpose is to serve as insertion of new genes
B. In clinical microbiology, the enzyme was used to determine whether the strain of bacteria have identical restriction sites in their genomic DNA.
C. BOTH
D. NONE
C
