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BACTE (LEC) LESSON 1 > Biochemistry, Metabolism ,and Genetics > Flashcards

Biochemistry, Metabolism ,and Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria consist ____ to break down organic compounds and the reactions they use to synthesize new bacterial parts from the resulting carbon skeleton.

A

Biochemistry

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2
Q

What is created during metabolic breakdown?

A

Energy

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3
Q

In bacteriametabolism can be regulated by either…

A
  • by regulating the production of an enzyme itself.
  • by regulating the activity of enzymes.
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4
Q

Which statement is/are true about diagnostic scheme analysis in unknownbacteria?
A. Utilization of various substrates as carbon source
B. Production of specific end products from various substrates
C. Production of an acid or alakaline pH in the test medium
D. All of the above

A

D

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5
Q

It determines the genus of bacteria

A

Biochemistry

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6
Q

What is/are the common products of bacterial metabolism?

A
  • alcohol and acid
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7
Q

T or F
Bacteria only used glucose as energy.

A

True

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8
Q

What is the product of glycolis

A

pyruvic acid

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9
Q

Bacteria use biochemical pathways to catabolize carbohydrates and produce energy by two mechanisms what are they?
A. Fermentation
B. Oxidation
C. Respiration
D. Saponification

A

A and B

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10
Q

Fermentation is an anaerobic process of metabolism carried out by.

A

both obligate and facultative anaerobes

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11
Q

T or F
Fermentation is less efficient in respiration compared to energy generation.

A

False- it is less efficient in energy generation

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12
Q

Two important diagnostic tests in the identification of Enterobacteriaceae.

A

Voges-Proskauer (VP)
Methyl red tests

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13
Q

An efficient energy generating process in which molecular oxygen is the final electron acceptor.

A

Respiration(oxidation)

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14
Q

What is the starting carbohydrate for bacterial fermentation/oxidation?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

T or F
When bacteria use other sugars as a carbon source, they first convert the sugar to glucose.

A

True

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16
Q

What are the 3 major biochemical pathways bacteria used to break down glucose to pyruvic acid?

A

(EMP)- Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas Glycolytic pathway
(PPP)- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
(EDP)- Enter-Duodoroff pathway

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17
Q

What is the major end product of alcohol fermentation?

A

Ethanol

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18
Q

This is the pathway used by yeasts when they ferment glucose to produce ethanol

A

Alcoholic fermentation

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19
Q

The end product of Homolactic fermentation is exclusively

A

Lactic acid

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20
Q

T or F
Staphylococcus genus and clostridium genus undergo Homolactic fermentation .

A

False - it is Streptococcus and Lactobacillus

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21
Q

What are the products of Heterolactic fermentation.

A

(CAFAL)
- CO2
- Alcohol
- Formic acid
- Acetic acid
- Lactic acid

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22
Q

What is the major product of Propionic acid fermentation?

A

Propionic acid bitch!!!!

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23
Q

What species of bacteria undergo propionic acid fermentation?

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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24
Q

What genera of bacteria used the mixed acid fermentation?

A

S- Shigella
E- Eschericia
S- Salmonella
E- Enterobacteriaceae

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25
Q

What are the end products of mixed acid fermentation?
A. Lactic acid
B. Acetic acid
C. Succinic acid
D. Formic acid

A

All of the above

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26
Q

What genera undero butanediol fermentation?

A

K- Klebsiella
E- Enterobacter
S- Serratia
E- Enterobacteriaceae

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27
Q

End product of Butanediol fermentation?

A

Acetoin (acetyl methyl carbinol)
2,3-butanediol

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28
Q

T or F
(Butanediol fermentation)
The organisms that have a positive VP reaction usually have negative reactions to methyl red test and vice versa

A

True

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29
Q

Type of fermentation that certain obligates anaerobes produce butyric acid as their primary end product.

A

Butyric acid fermentation

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30
Q

What obligate anaerobes bacteria undergo butyric acid fermentation?

A

(EuFuC)
Eubacterium
Fusobacterium
Clostridium

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31
Q

Most important pathway for complete oxidation under aerobic conditions.

A

Kreb cycle/ tricarboxylic acid cycle

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32
Q

What is the starter compound in kreb cycle?

A

Pyruvate

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33
Q

Product of kreb cycle

A

Hydrogen and carbon

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34
Q

This cyl3e results in the production of acid and the evolution of CO2.

A

Kreb cycle

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35
Q

Correct Pathway of energy production?

A

Glycolysis-kreb cycle- Electron transport chain- oxidative phosphorylation

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36
Q

This fermentation is not performed by all bacteria except Enterobacteria

A

Lactose fermentation

37
Q

What are the 2 steps in lactose fermentation?

A
  • first, transportation of lactose across the cell wall of bacteria by the enzyme (ɓ-galactose permease)
  • occurs inside the cell that require the enzyme (ɓ-galactosidase) to break the galactoside bond, releasing glucose which can be fermented
38
Q

2 enzymes involved in lactose fermentation

A

ɓ-galactoside permease
ɓ-galactosidase

39
Q

Who discovered the DNA?

A

Frederick Miescher

40
Q

Who discovered the helix structure of DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin

41
Q

It amplifies the DNA sequences and detects a very small number of bacteria present in a specimen.

A

PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

42
Q

It is the genetic potential of the DNA of an organisms.

A

Genotype

43
Q

T or F
Some genes are expressed only in certain conditions.

A

True

44
Q

T or F
DNA- messenger RNA- Protein

A

True

45
Q

The duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a daughter cell.

A

Replication

46
Q

It is the syhthesis of ssRNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

A

Transcription

47
Q

The actual synthesis of a specific protein from the mRNA code.

A

Translation

48
Q

A group of 3 nucleotide.

A

Codon

49
Q

In translation, ribosomes containing rRNA sequentially add ____ to the growing polypeptide chain.

A

Nucleotides

50
Q

The amino acids are brought to the ribosome via

A

transfer RNA /tRNA

51
Q

Other terms of bacterial chromosome .

A

Genome

52
Q

Bacterial chromosome contains ___.
A. Single, close circular piece of ssDNA
B. Single, close circular piece of dsDNA
C. Single, complex piece of dsDNA
D.single, complex piece of ssDNA

A

B

53
Q

Many bacteria contain extra info on small circular pieces of extrachromosomal dsDNA called

A

Plasmid

54
Q

T or F
Plasmids are essential for bacterial growth.

A

False

55
Q

Genes that code for antibiotics located in…

A

Plasmid

56
Q

The no. of plasmid in bacteria range from ____.

A

1 to 100

57
Q

Where is the location of plasmid?

A

Cytoplasm

58
Q

Which is/are true about plasmid?
A. It is self-reflecting
B. Similar to chromosomal DNA
C. can be passed nonsexually (conjugation)
D. They are extra chromosome

A

All answers are correct

59
Q

T or F
Certain pieces of DNA are mobile.

A

True

60
Q

It is the ability of the DNA to jump from one place in chromosome to another places.

A

Jumping genes

61
Q

The simplest mobile piece of DNA

A

Insertion sequence (IS) element

62
Q

T or F
IS element code for multiple genes.

A

False- only one gene

63
Q

What is the purpose of IS element?

A

Disrupt and inactivates the gene

64
Q

Mobile elelents that contain additional genes.

A

Transposons

65
Q

Carries antibiotic-resistance genes and is found in the plasmidnof bacteria.

A

Transposons

66
Q

Changes in DNA sequence.

A

Muration

67
Q

Type of mutation that doesn’t change the protein

A

Silent mutation

68
Q

A mutation that results achange in one nucleotide base.

A

Point mutation

69
Q

What factors increases the mutation rate of bacteria?

A

Exposure to certain chemical and physical agents

70
Q

A method by which genes transferred between homologous region on two DNA molecules.

A

Genetic recombination

71
Q

This method provides to obtain new combinations of biochemical pathways and copy with changes in their environment.

A

Genetic recombination

72
Q

Mechanism of Gene transfer.

A

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

73
Q

Uptake and incorporation of naked DNA.

A

Transformation

74
Q

Cell that can take up naked DNA are referred as ___.

A

Competent

75
Q

Example of natural competent bacteria.

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Haemophilus influenzae

76
Q

Synthetic competent bacteria.

A

E. coli

77
Q

The transfer of bacterial genes by bacteriophage.

A

Transduction

78
Q

T or F
The bacteriophage takes the lytic pathway during transduction.

A

True

79
Q

The phage DNA instead becomes incorporated into bacterial genome, where it is replicated along with the bacterial chromosomal DNA. This state is called? and the phage is called?

A

Lysogeny
Phage (Temperate)

80
Q

Transfer of genetic material from donor bacterial strain to recipient stain.

A

Conjugation

81
Q

T or F
Donor strain is (F+) while the recipient is (F-)

A

True

82
Q

A hollow surface appendage produced by the donor (F+). Which binds to recipient (F-) cell. To make the two cells in close contact.

A

Sex pilus

83
Q

Both plasmid and chromosomal genes can be transferred by this method.

A

Conjugation

84
Q

When the F factor is integrated into the bacterial chromosome rather than plasmid, there is a higher frequency of transfer of adjacent chromosomal genes called…

A

High-frequency (Hfr) strains

85
Q

They are produced to cut incoming, foreign DNA, at specific sequences.

A

Restriction enzymes

86
Q

T or F
The first 2 letters in the restriction endonuclease name indicate the bacterial source of the enzyme

A

True

87
Q

E. coli=EcoRI
H. influenzae=

A

HinIII

88
Q

Which statement is/are true about restriction enzymes?
A. In biotechnology, its purpose is to serve as insertion of new genes
B. In clinical microbiology, the enzyme was used to determine whether the strain of bacteria have identical restriction sites in their genomic DNA.
C. BOTH
D. NONE

A

C

BACTE (LEC) LESSON 1 (9 decks)

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