Prokaryotes - Ch. 22 Flashcards
What are the 6 kingdoms of prokaryotes?
- archaebacteria
- eubacteria
- protista
- fungi
- plantae
- animalia
characteristics of archaebacteria and eubacteria
all prokaryotic, no organlles except ribsomes, smallest and simplest living things, single circular chromosomes
arachaebacteria
most ancient group, 3.8 bya
ancestral probably gave rise to both eubacteria and eukaryotes
also called extremofiles
where do archaebacteria live?
oxygen free enviroments, concentrated salt water, hot acidic waters
archaebacteria types
methanogens (w/o oxygen), thermoacidophils (extreme heat), extreme halophils (concentrated salt)
eubacteria
bacteria we commonly interact with, wide range of habitats, wide range of lifestyles (different metabolism)
types include: pneumonia, cyanobacteria, anthrax
heterotrophic bacteria
food for other sources, consume organic compounds and convert to energy, found everywhere
parasite
type of heterotrophic bacteria, causes disease
saprobes
decomposers, very important in the carbon nitrogen cycle, attaches to other atoms to be useful biomolecules
return organic compounds to the soil as they decompose organisms, waste, etc.
intestinal bacteria
synthesize biotin, vitamin B 12, folic acid, thiamine
capable of fermenting indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fiber), to short-chain fatty acids such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate
autorophic bacteria
make their own food
photosynthetic autotrophs
cyanobacteria
chemosynthetic autotrophs
convert inorganic chemicals to energy
important in the nitrogen cycle
use chemical energy instead of the sun’s energy
diplo
two
staphylo
bunch
strepto
line
coccus
sphere
bacillus
rod
gram positive
thicker layer of peptidoglycan, stains purple, exotoxins, cell wall is made up of many layers of peptidoglycan so it is easier to kill because antibiotics target peptidoglycan
exotoxins
released by bacteria, a destroyed bacteria produces a toxin inside the cell and releases it
gram negative
thin layer of peptidoglycan, stains pink, endotoxins, harder to kill because there is a layer around the peptidoglycan
endotoxins
once the bacterial cell is destroyed, endotoxins in the cell wall are released
flagellum
movement
pilli and capsule
allows bacteria to attach to substrate
cell wall
protects the cell, prevents bursting, made up by peptidoglycans, allows pressure to build up without negative effects, different than other kingdoms
cell membrane
controls what enters and exits the cell
DNA
genetic material
aerobic/aerobe
oxygen
anaerobic/anaerobe
without oxygen
faculitative
doesn’t need to have
obligative
has to have
how antibiotics work
antibiotics disrupt the cell wall structure, bacteria take on water and burst
what do antibiotics not work against and why?
viruses (non-living, no cell wall), animal cells (no cell wall), and plants (has a different type of cell wall called cellulose)
bacterial reproduction
no mitosis or meiosis
asexual reproduction through binary fission
binary fission
- chromosomes are copied (replication)
- chromosomes are separation (anaphase)
- cell division in half (telophase)
reproduction is rapid
every 20 minutes, limited resources keep growth in check, if a mutated strain arises (like resistant to an antibiotic) it can spread quickly
genetic diversity
binary fission, mutations, and genetic recombination
transformation
uptake of foreign DNA from its surroundings
transduction
viruses transfer genes between prokaryotes
viruses (bacteriophages) carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another
recombine DNA of donor and recipient cell
conjugation
DNA transferred from one prokaryote to another
donor cell extends a sex pilus (mating bridge) through which DNA is transferred
required the presence of a piece of DNA called the F factor
plasmid have DNA to code and switch genetic information (or transfer it)
plasmids
small ring of DNA that carries a few genes , replicates seperatly from bacterial chromosomes - doesn’t have to replicate when bacteria does but usually does.
can carry genes for antibiotic resistance - used in genetic engineering for cloning
penicillin
interferes with cell wall production
tratacycline
interferes with protein prodcution
sulfa drugs
inhibit growth and cell production (division)
broad spectrum antibiotic
will affect a wide variety of organisms
