Chapter 24: Fungi

Question 1

what supergroup are the fungi apart of?

Answer 1

opistakonta

Question 2

are fungi more closely related to plants or animals?

Answer 2

animals

Question 3

what are the major characteristics of fungi?

Answer 3

cell wall of chitin, not capable of photosynthesis, heterotrophic, store excess sugars as glycogen, multinucleate, fungi live underground and what you see is the reproductive body, eukaryotes

Question 4

what fungi are unicellular?

Answer 4

yeasts

Question 5

what are the different components of fungi?

Answer 5

hypha, mycelium, sclerotium

Question 6

hyphae

Answer 6

tublar structures, hard wall of chitin, multinucleate, grow at their tips. individual parts of the mycelium

Question 7

mycelium

Answer 7

aggregate of hyphae

Question 8

sclerotium

Answer 8

hardened mass of mycelium that generally serves as an overwintering stage. a dormant phase in the winter

Question 9

what are the different ways fungi are heterotrophic?

Answer 9

saprobes, mutualistic symbiont, parasitic symbiont

Question 10

what are the uses, ecological, and problems of fungi in their eviroments?

Answer 10

uses: medicine and food
ecological: major decomposers, symbiotic relationships
problems: some are deadly, diseases, destroy crops and books

Question 11

how do fungi eat their food?

Answer 11

release enzymes to break down the food and then diffuse the nutrients into their hyphae, store their food in the form of lipids or glycogen

Question 12

spores

Answer 12

not seeds, asexually produced through mitosis or sexually produced through meisosis

Question 13

what is the purpose of spores?

Answer 13

allows fungus to move to a new food source, means of introducing new genetic variation, scatter and disperse their genes into a new area

Question 14

where can spores be located?

Answer 14

spores can be located directly on the hyphae, inside the sporangia, or on the fruiting body

Question 15

what are the four main groups of fungi?

Answer 15

chytridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, and basidiomycota

Question 16

chytridiomycota (chytrids)

Answer 16

simple and most primitive fungi, have one flagella, produce motile spores, mostly saprobes and parasites in aquatic habitats, very similar to protists but have characteristics of fungi, most are unicellular, but a few are multi but are coenocytic

Question 17

zygomycota (zygote)

Answer 17

spore through sexual reproduction is called a zygosporangia, through asexual is called a sporangia. hyphae is coenocytic, grow rapidly, decomposers, pathogens, and some for mycorhizzal associations with plants, their spores have thick coats to protect from desiccation and other hazards, and are able to remain dormant until their environment is stable

Question 18

asexual life cycle of a zygomycota

Answer 18

sporangiophore produces sporangia, which is dispersed and germinated

Question 19

sexual life cycle of a zygomycota

Answer 19

two different strands of hyphae come together and before fusing form a gametergium. plasmogomy occurs, karyogomy occurs. spore is now a diploid and undergoes meiosis. germination occurs

Question 20

ascomycota

Answer 20

sexual reproduction produces an asci or ascus. includes the cup fungi, morels, and truffles. asexual is more frequent, male = antheridium, female = ascogonium, fruiting body is called ascocarp. important plants parasites, yeast, decomposers and found in most lichens, hyphae has perforated septa,

Question 21

asexual life cycle of an ascomycota

Answer 21

one cell will break off and produce its own system

Question 22

sexual life cycle of an ascomycota

Answer 22

one strand will be the antheridium and the other will be the ascogomium. plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis occurs, mitosis occurs and 8 spores are formed. ascospores are released, germinate, and make their own hyphae

Question 23

basidiomycota

Answer 23

club fungi, sexual reproduction through basdia, dikaryotic mycelia, includes mushrooms, polypores, puffballs, boletes, and bird nest fungi. decomposers, pathogens, form mycorrhizal associations, most edible fungi,

Question 24

molds

Answer 24

rapidly grow, asexual spores, have human significance in food spoilage, food products, and antibiotics

Question 25

beneficial effects of fungi

Answer 25

decomposition for nutrient and carbon recycling, can be used to produce food, drugs, antibiotics, acids, alcohol

Question 26

harmful effects of fungi

Answer 26

destruction of food, paper, lumber, cloth, animal and human diseases and allergies, poisonous, and plant diseases

Question 27

mycorrhizal association

Answer 27

mutualistic fungal association with a plant. hyphae can invade root cells or invade the root without penetrating the cells, about 90% of vascular plant species has this association

Question 28

lichens

Answer 28

mutualistic association between a fungus and an algae or cyanobacteria - neither can survive without the other. there are three types, can survive in unusual and hostile environments, can grow where roots cannot penetrate, can remain dormant during droughts and reactivate when there is water, belong to Basidiomycota or Ascomycota

Question 29

foliose lichens

Answer 29

are leafy in appearance, although lobed or branched structures are not true leaves.

Question 30

crustose lichens

Answer 30

form flat crusty plates.

Question 31

fruticose lichens

Answer 31

are even more finely branched and may hang down like beards from branches or grow up from the ground like tiny shrubs.

Question 32

cell structure and function of fungi

Answer 32

have membrane bound organelles, DNA wrapped around histones, have mitochondria and internal membranes, no chloroplasts or chlorophyll

Question 33

what does the cell wall for fungi do?

Answer 33

protects from desiccation and predators

Question 34

septa

Answer 34

most hyphae are divided into seperate cells by endwalls

Question 35

perferatted septa

Answer 35

allow for rapid flow of nutrients

Question 36

coenocytic hyphae

Answer 36

large cells containing many nuclei

Question 37

what enviroments do fungi thrive in?

Answer 37

in moist and slightly acidic environments. can survive with or without light and most are obligate anaerobes with the exception of chytrids (obligate anaerobes) and yeast (facultative anaerobes).

Question 38

how do fungi eat?

Answer 38

digestion preceeds ingestion. exoenzymes are transported out of the hyphae where they process nutrients in the enviroment. smaller molecules produced by this external digestion are absorbed through the large surface area of the mycelium. they store their polycacchrides (carbs) into glygogen

Question 39

homothallic

Answer 39

self-fertilize

Question 40

heterothallic

Answer 40

needs two different mating types

Question 41

plasmogamy

Answer 41

union of the cytoplasm

Question 42

karyogamy

Answer 42

haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid zygote nuclei

Question 43

ectomycorrhizae

Answer 43

envelope the plant in a sheath called a mantle, the fungi are around the roots

Question 44

endomycorrhizae

Answer 44

also called arbuscle mycorrhizae, fungi are inside the roots

Question 45

mycosis

Answer 45

fungal disease that results from infection and direct damage due to the growth and infiltration of the fungus.

Question 46

mycotoxicosis

Answer 46

fungal poisoining of humans

Question 47

mycetismus

Answer 47

ingestion of poisonoius mushrooms

Question 48

why are fungal infections hard to treat?

Answer 48

you cannot treat them with antibiotics because they are eukaryotes, and fungal treatments also harm the host as well. most are superficial (on the skin) but some can result in systemic mycoses, which is a fungus that effects internal organisms - normally the lungs