Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Flashcards
Prokaryotes
Simple, unicellular organisms that do not have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
- “pro” - before
- “karyotic” - nucleus
- unicellular
Domain/s under prokaryotes
Archaea and Bacteria
(Domain) a group of micro-organisms that are similar to, but evolutionarily distinct from bacteria. Many have been found living in extreme environments, for example at high pressures, salt concentrations or temperatures. These types of organisms are called extremophiles.
Archaebacteria/Archaea
Archaeans that can survive in salt concentration at least five times greater than that of the ocean.
Halophiles
Archaean that reproduces and grows best at low temperatures, typically in the range -10 to 20°C (14 to 68°F).
Psychrophiles
Archaeans that can survive an optimum growth temperature of 50o or more, a maximum of up to 70oC or more
Thermophiles
Archaea bacteria that produce methane as a metabolic by-product.
- common in wetlands, ocean environments, digestive tracts of animals
Methanogens
(Domain) Prokaryotic microorganisms consisting of a single cell lacking a nucleus and containing DNA in a single circular chromosome.
Eubacteria/Bacteria
When does E. Coli become harmful
When it transfers from intestines (where it is found) to another part of our body
an irregularly-shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material. In contrast to the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, it is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like)
Cell wall of a bacteria
peptidoglycan
cell wall of an archea
pseudopeptidoglycan
a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; however, they are sometimes present in archaea and eukaryotic organisms.
plasmids
microscopic “factories” found in all cells, including bacteria. They translate the genetic code from the molecular language of nucleic acid to that of amino acids—the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are the molecules that perform all the functions of cells and living organisms.
ribosomes
promote bacterial adhesion to surfaces or interaction with other organisms; act as a permeability barrier, as a defense mechanism against phagocytosis and/or as a nutrient reserve
- found outside the cell wall
capsule
All prokaryotic cells have a stiff _______, located underneath the capsule (if there is one). This structure maintains the cell’s shape, protects the cell interior, and prevents the cell from bursting when it takes up water.
cell wall
a lipid bilayer that surrounds the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell. It physically separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
plasma membrane
are protein structures that extend from the bacterial cell envelope for a distance up to 2 μm (Figure 3). They function to attach the cells to surfaces.
- sex _____ are used for DNA exchange
pili/fimbriae
primarily a motility organelle that enables movement and chemotaxis. Bacteria can have one of this or several
- hairlike
flagella
eukaryotes
organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
- either unicellular or multicellular
- true nucleus
Domain/s of eukaryotes
Eukarya
Cell wall of plant cells
Cellulose
Kingdom that includes green, brown and red algae, liverworts, mosses, ferns and seed plants with or without flowers.
- They are eukaryotic and multicellular.
- Their cells have cellulose walls.
- Majority have transport system.
- They have photosynthesis hence autotrophic.
- Reproduction is both asexual and sexual.
- They show alternation of generation
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom under eukaryotic organisms that include microorganisms such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. The organisms found under this kingdom contain a cell wall and are omnipresent. They are classified as heterotrophs among living organisms.
Kingdom fungi
This kingdom constitutes all animals. Amongst the five kingdoms, It is the largest kingdom. They are multicellular eukaryotes. However, like plants, they do not possess chlorophyll or a cell wall. Therefore, members exhibit a heterotrophic mode of nutrition.
Kingdom Animalia
a group of all the eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants. As a result, it is a very diverse group of organisms.
Most have mitochondria. They can be parasites. They all prefer aquatic or moist environments.
kingdom protista
True or False: prokaryotes contain cytoskeleton
True
DNA form of Eukaryotes
Linear
DNA form of Prokaryotes
Circular
Which is larger and more complex, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
eukaryotes
