Cellular Organelles Flashcards
What do you call the folds in mitochondria
cristae
plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process. By doing so, they sustain life on Earth. this also provide diverse metabolic activities
- double-membrane bound organelle
- also has its own DNA, ribosome, cytoplasm, and membrane
chloroplast
cell membrane
It is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The consists of a lipid (phospholipid) bilayer that is semipermeable. It regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
- it also protects
what part of the golgi body is where the substances exit in the form of smaller detached vesicles.
trans face
a membraneous organelle that has a large surface area covered in ribosomes. Its location is continuous with the nuclear membrane around the nucleus. (membrane factory)
-synthesis of proteins and some fats
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
double membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by this is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
- it has its own DNA, ribosome, cytoplasm, membrane
Mitochondria
small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cells.
plasmodesmata
three types of cell
- bacterial, plant, and animal cell
a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes
nucleolus
can either be smooth or rough
endoplasmic reticulum
criteria of organelle
tiny structure, membrane bound
Parts of the nucleus
nucleolus, chromatin, nucleoplasm, nuclear pore, nuclear envelope
controls and regulates the activities of the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that contain the hereditary information
- double membrane-bound organelle
nucleus
what part of the golgi body is the end of the organelle where substances enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing
- receiving side
cis face
functions in many metabolic processes. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids. Cells that secrete these products, such as cells of the testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands, have an excess of this
-detoxifies drugs and poisons
- stores calcium ions
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes. involved with various cell processes. They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
- autophagy (self-eating)
- phagocytosis - (engulfs food) a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter
- helps in programmed death cells (apoptosis)
- reason why we have space between our fingers
lysosomes
a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion
- flattened sacs with convex shape
- proteins are delivered through vesicles
golgi apparatus
2 types of Ribosomes
- free - proteins are only for cell
- bound (in ER) - proteins are for entire body
an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell. it reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.
Ribosomes
difference between chromatins and chromosomes
The DNA is packaged by special proteins called histones to form chromatin. The chromatin further condenses to form chromosomes. This means chromatin is lower order of DNA organization whereas chromosomes are higher order of DNA organization.
- chromatin - resting stage
- chromosome - ready for cell division
- by nucleosome
small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cells.
plasmodesmata
surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress. It also allows cells to develop turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell contents against it.
- rigid and protective (hence, plants are not able to move)
cell wall
What is endosymbiotic theory?
It holds that organelles within the cells of eukaryotes such as mitochondria and chloroplasts had descended from independent bacteria (aerobic bacterium & photosynthetic bacterium) that came to live symbiotically within other cells.
basic features of all types of cells
- cytoplasm
- plasma membrane
- genetic material
- ribosomes
how many histone (for structural support for chromosome) are there in a nucleosome
8
what are the non-membranous part of the cell
-intermediate filament
- microtubule (for cell division)
- actin filament (for cell growth)
- centrioles
- ribosomes
- cell wall
- cytoskeleton
What organelle is active in white blood cells
Lysosomes
the gel-like fluid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical reaction. It provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in this
cytoplasm
membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, they are generally small and help sequester waste products. In plant cells, they help maintain water balance. Sometimes a single of this can take up most of the interior space of the plant cell.
- storage for food, enzymes, etc
vacuole
single membrane enclosed organelles containing at least one oxidase that forms the toxic molecule H2O2, as well as catalase, an enzyme that breaks the H2O2 down into nontoxic oxygen and water
peroxisome
Why do Mitochondria and Chloroplast contain DNA, ribosome, cytoplasm, and membrane?
Because of endosymbiotic theory
The liquid medium contained within a cell. It is a component of the cytoplasm
Cytosol
paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope. they play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles within the cell.
- 9 triplets of microtubules
- for cell division
centrioles
