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Biology 110 > prokaryotes > Flashcards

prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryotes

A

single celled
lack of membrane bound nuclei
more diverse metabolic pathways

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2
Q

archaea

A

more similar to eukayotic cells

extremophiles, have introns, unique lipids in cell membrane don’t have peptidoglycen

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3
Q

extremophiles

A

hot springs, salt ponds, deep oil wells, acidic ponds near mines, hydrothermal vents

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4
Q

introns

A

intervening/ non-coding sequences of DNA

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5
Q

bacteria

A

have peptidoglycen, no introns more abundant

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6
Q

peptidoglycen

A

polymer of sugar &aminos (structural)

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7
Q

coccus

A

spherical

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8
Q

bacillus

A

rod shapes

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9
Q

spirillum

A

helical

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10
Q

mycoplasmas

A

smallest known prokayrote - 500 genes

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11
Q

trichoma vaginalis

A

largest known prokaryote- 60,000 genes (humans have 20,000)

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12
Q

binary fission

A

asexual reproduction, produces 2 daughter cells identical to mother cell, can happen in as little as 20 minutes. While cell is dividing DNA can be replicating to speed up the process- does NOT INCLUDE meioisis and fertilization. Short life and generation time = more genetic variety

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13
Q

nucleoid

A

DNA in prokaryotes, double stranded DNA molecule arranged in a ring

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14
Q

plasmids

A

extra packets of DNA, not required for survival, can contain resistance to antibiotics, confer virulence, metabolism of unusal nutrients- replicates independently, readily transferred between prokaryotic cells

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15
Q

biosynthesis

A

producing biological molecules

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16
Q

transformation: Horizontal gene transfer

A

acquire genes from surrounding environment (dead bacteria or dif. species), takes up foreign DNA and directly expresses it- can make a non-harmful bacteria pathogenic (ex. streptococcus pneumonia) can help with microevolution

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17
Q

Horizontal gene transfer: conjugation

A

2 living prokaryotic cells physically join: one way DNA transfer from pilus/pili appendage (F+ which is heritable and contagious)

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18
Q

Horizontal gene transfer: transduction

A

phages inject genetic material, multiply and burst out sometimes leaving some DNA sometimes taking some DNA

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19
Q

pathogenic

A

harmful, disease causing

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20
Q

phages

A

viruses that infect bacteria

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21
Q

rotating flagella

A

can move/propel prokaryotes

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22
Q

cell of prokaryote

A

encased in plasma membrane: phospholipid bilayer, relatively permeable (keeps salt and liquids in balance)

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23
Q

cell walls in funghi plants and some protists

A

maintains cell shape and protect bacteria

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24
Q

gram’s stain

A

used to differentiate bacteria, based on amount of peptidoglycen in cell walls

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25
Q

gram +

A

bacteria with high amount peptidoglycen, tend to be less complex, ends up purple

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26
Q

gram -

A

more complex cell walls, have little peptidoglycen, outer layer of membrane w/ attached lipopolysaccharides. these infections are more serious than gram + ends up pink

27
Q

lipopolysaccharides

A

some are toxic to counteract defenses of host, additional layer to protect against antibiotics

28
Q

pili/pilus

A

used in conjugation and for infecting the host ex. meisseria gonorrhoeae attaches to epithelium in reproductive tract and inflicts STD. mutant strains without pili are more pathogenic

29
Q

movement

A

flagellar action (rotate clockwise; fly apart, counter= bundle= directional movement) or spirochetes move in helical motion

30
Q

taxis

A

oriented movement toward=positive/away=negative from stimuli/environmental cues. photo/chemo/gravity/magnetism

31
Q

autotroph *prokaryotes can mix all four

A

(CO2) is C source “Carbon fixers”

32
Q

heterotroph*prokaryotes can mix all four

A

complex form of C used as C source

33
Q

chemotroph *prokaryotes can mix all four

A

high E molecule

34
Q

phototroph *prokaryotes can mix all four

A

E comes from light

35
Q

various food types:

A

sugar, oil (bioremediation), TNT PCBs, cellulose

36
Q

bioremediation

A

using prokaryotes to remove toxins from environment ex. BP and Exxon oil spills

37
Q

photoautotroph

A

E sun C CO2 e- H2O/H2S

38
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

E inorganic C from CO2

39
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

E sun C organic molecules

40
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

E and C from organic molecules

41
Q

endospores

A

thinly coated resistant shells developed on bacteria in harsh condtions. Allows them to survive boiling, freezing, drying etc (high pressure and temps can kill them)

42
Q

sporulation

A

formation of endospores, triggered by decline in nutrients in environment

43
Q

clostridium botulinum

A

produces harmful neurotoxin: botulism. inhibits neurotransmitter acetylcholine (Stimulates muscles) . anaerobic gram + forms spores in anaerobic (sediments and improperly canned foods are sources)

44
Q

symbiosis

A

2 species having extended/intimate/longterm association

45
Q

host (symbiont)

A

larger of 2 species

46
Q

microsymbiont

A

smaller of 2 species

47
Q

mutualism *can turn to parasitic (ex. opportunistic infection)

A

+ + ex. bacteria in our intestines (help us digest/make vitamins B&K(blood clotting) we give carbon sources etc) N2 fixing (needed for DNA and proteins, rhizobium on roots of legumes fixes N2 growing plants in disease suppressive soil example)

48
Q

commensalism *can turn to parasitic (bacteria can become pathogenic in changed environment)

A

+ 0 ex. bacteria on skin. Egret, remora fish

49
Q

parasitism

A

+ - … pathogens cause disease (bad bacteria) invade healthy host tissue or produce toxins that harm hose

50
Q

exotoxins

A

proteins secreted by prokaryotes (botulism and cholera)

51
Q

endotoxins

A

surface protein components of outer cell membrane in some gram - bacteria (salmonella)

52
Q

microbiome

A

1000 different bacteria on each person. 50% differnt for everyone.

53
Q

plants are a major repository of fixed nitrogen

A

nitrogen cycle/fixation. legumes secrete favonoids and bacteria/rhizobium exhibit positive chemotaxis and move towards root where nodule is formed/favorable environment

54
Q

cyanobacteria

A

also N fix. Anabaena N fix in flooded rice paddies

55
Q

anaerobic

A

not requiring O2. any cell/org/process

56
Q

first prokaryotes

A

anaerobic. May have been chemoautotrophs (using H2S) caused buildup of O2 (byproduct) over 100s millions of years

57
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require O2

58
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

no need for O2 (which is sometimes toxic to them)

59
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

alternate O2 requirement (use it if present, also function without it)

60
Q

Bacteria help

A

immune systems, synthesis of vitamin B and K, maintaining population balance in intestine, biotech, bioremediation,

61
Q

Prokaryotes’ essential genetic information is located in the

A

nucleoid

62
Q

capsule

A

allows them to resist phagocytic of hosts and also stick to other surfaces etc. many bacteria have additional layer outside cell wall- sticky substance secreted by bacterium that helps it adhere to surfaces and other bacteria

63
Q

bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan.
This bacterium’s ability to survive in a human who is taking penicillin pills may be due to the presence of _____.

A
  1. a Gram-negative cell wall, 2. a secretory system that removes penicillin from the cell, 5. an endospore

Biology 110 (7 decks)

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