exam 2 cell cycle

Question 1

mitosis

Answer 1

process by which eukaryotic cell division occurs (remember, eukaryotic cells can also divide via meios)

Question 2

M phase (1/4)

Answer 2

Miotic phase

Question 3

interphase (1,2,3/4)

Answer 3

G1 S G2, replication of cell parts other than DNA can occur in G1/G2

Question 4

G1 phase (interphase)

Answer 4

growth phase

Question 5

S (interphase)

Answer 5

synthesis phase (DNA replicated)

Question 6

G2 phase (interphase)

Answer 6

growth 2, begin to see chromosomes individually w/ microscope, begin to condense (supercoiled)

Question 7

mitosis varies

Answer 7

Single-celled organisms use mitosis to reproduce while multi-cellular organisms use mitosis to grow, takes 1-3 hours for eukaryotic cells

Question 8

Karyokinesis

Answer 8

separation of chromosomes/ division of genetic material

Question 9

cytokinesis.

Answer 9

organelles and other cytoplasmic components that were replicated during G1, S, and G2 are partitioned and parental cytoplasm is partitioned (different mechanism, i.e. cell plate (created by vesicles) for plants, cleavage furrow for animals)

Question 10

prophase (stage 1 mitosis)

Answer 10

condensation of chromosomes. During interphase, DNA is replicated and the replicated chromosomes remain relatively stretched out

Question 11

prometaphase (stage 2 mitosis)

Answer 11

signified by dissolution of nuclear envelope

Question 12

metaphase (stage 3 mitosis)

Answer 12

all of the chromatids move into a nuclear line (metaphase plate) longest time of division

Question 13

anaphase (stage 4 mitosis)

Answer 13

when replicated chromatids separate (centromere holding them together dissolves and they move towards separate poles now as chromosomes)

Question 14

telophase (stage 6 mitosis)

Answer 14

nuclear envelope begins to form at the poles and chromosomes begin to decondense - 2 new nuclei contain genetic material! end of karyokinesis, beginning of cytokinesis

Question 15

centromere

Answer 15

a condensed area found on all eukaryotic chromosomes

Question 16

haploid

Answer 16

1 copy of chromosome

Question 17

diploid

Answer 17

2 copies of chromosome

Question 18

triploid

Answer 18

3 copies of chromosome

Question 19

asexual reproduction

Answer 19

ex. bacteria. produces genetically identical offspring (clones) fast, needs less E, less potential for bad combinations, bad if needs diversity. genetic material can be exchanged through conjugation still*

Question 20

sexual reproduction

Answer 20

genetic material from two parents combines to form offspring that are genetically distinct from their parents (distinct from siblings as well) selective advantage in an unpredictable environment.

Question 21

genes

Answer 21

responsible for inheritance of traits. heritable unit that codes for the production of a protein, occupies specific section on chromosome

Question 22

karyotype

Answer 22

image of 46 chromosomes arranged into pairs (humans?)

Question 23

gametes/ haploid cells “n”

Answer 23

reproductive cells, (sperm and eggs) produced by meiosis

Question 24

nonreproductive cells

Answer 24

diploid (2n) formed with mitosis

Question 25

fertilization

Answer 25

haploid ovum and haploid sperm meet and form a zygote which then divides through mitosis

Question 26

sex

Answer 26

exchange/recombination of genetic material. produces genetically distinct individuals* and results in genetic variation

Question 27

homologous pair

Answer 27

a pair of duplicate chromosomes (one from mother, one from father)

Question 28

primary function of meiosis in diploid organisms

Answer 28

proper distribution of homologous chromosomes into gametes 3 phases: pairing of homologous chromosomes, (2) synapsis of the chromosomes together (resulting in crossing over), and (3) segregation of the chromosomes into daughter cells

Question 29

independent assortment metaphase 1 of meiosis 1

Answer 29

homologous chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. occurs in metaphase 1, orientation is random so where they go in the next

Question 30

crossing over or recombination: prophase 1 of meiosis 1

Answer 30

exchange of genetic material between the maternal and paternal chromosomes, resulting chromosomes are not entirely maternal or paternal, but rather a mixture of both in prophase 1. 2-3 times per pair of nonsister chromatids doesn't happen in mitosis!!

Question 31

Black Sigatoka fungus

Answer 31

affects bananas - b=planters breed bananas and we buy sterile ones

Question 32

How are sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes different from each other?

Answer 32

Homologous chromosomes contain the same gene loci but may have different alleles of a particular gene. Sister chromatids are identical copies of each other produced during DNA replication.