Prokaryotes Flashcards
Three types in Domain Archea
- Thermoacidophiles
- Methanogens
- Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles
- In hot sulfur springs
- Hydrothermal vents
- Chemoautotrophs
- iron and sulfur used for food [energy in chemical bonds]
Methanogens
- Methane producers
- In swamps and guts
- anaerobic
- 2 million CH4/year
Halophiles
*Salt loving
- Live up to 30% salt
- In tannin pools, salted fish, animal hides
== most are heterotrophic
== some autotrophic
Qualities of Domain Bacteria
- Prokaryotic
- No nucleus
- No membrane bound organelles
- Single celled organisms [some w/ filaments, some w/ colonies]
- Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction in bacteria
- Budding (fission)
*plasmids: circular extra-chromosomal DNA
[cocci - spheres]
[bacilla - rods]
[spirilla - spirals]
Bacteria produce ______ and ______ produce anti-bacterial
- antifungal
2. fungi
Bacterial Oxygen Requirements
- Aerobes (need 02)
- Anaerobes (don’t need 02 - fermentation)
- Facultative anaerobes (can switch over if need be)
How are bacteria decomposers?
- In water and soil
- Secrete enzymes out of cells [hydrolysis]
*Ecologically important: recycle nutrients == produce soils
Mutualistic bacteria
- Cellulose digesting bacteria in cows
Bacteria as Pathogens
- Invade host [usually through mucous membrane]
- Spread to others
Bacteria as Photoautotrophs?
Synthesize their own food from inorganic substances using light as an energy source.
- Purple sulfur bacteria
- Green sulfur bacteria
Representative bacteria
- Streptococcus
- Salmonella
- E. Coli
- Staphylococcus
- Tuberculosis
- Botulism
Streptococcus
- produce yogurt
- part of “normal” flora of gut and mouth
- pathogenic strains:
- strep-throat
- meningitis
- “flesh-eating” bacteria
Salmonella
- toxin producer
- salmonellosis: fecal-oral route (chicken)
- salmonella typhi: typhoid fever
E. Coli
- normal gut flora
- produce vitamin K
- some strains are pathogenic
- dysentery (can be amoebic too)
Staphylococcus aureus
- Multiple infections: skin, intestinal, pneumonia, boils, sepsis
Tuberculosis
- Myobacterium
- Typically in the lungs
Botulism
- Clostridium botulinum
- makes neuroparalytic toxin
- stops ACh release (i.e. botox)
- protein toxin - 5 min boiling == denatures
- spores resistant to heat, acid, drying, radiation
==pressure cooking
Bacterial Economics
- Yogurt
- Xanthomonas - causes black rot in cabbage
- Xanthum gum = bacterial slime - rich texture
- (i.e. canned sauces, toothpaste, cake mixes, salad dressings) - Vinegar bacteria - convert alochol to acetic acid
- Cheese - lactid acid bacteria
- Antibiotics - some bacteria make anitfungal compounds
- Plasmids
* movement of genes
- provide bacteria resistance
- used in recombinant DNA technology
* makes human insulin
How Antibiotics Work
- Bacteria have rigid cell-wall structures
- antibiotics disrupt linkages
Bacterial metabolism
- Heterotrophs
Ecological Importance of bacteria
- Nitrogen Fixation
- Cyanobacteria (photosynthesize and makes O2)
Nitrogen Fixation of Bacteria
- Atmosphere nitrogen to ammonia or nitrates
- Rhizobium - in legume root nodules
- restricted to few bacteria
Phylum Cyanobacteria
- “blue-green algae”
- Photosynthesize and make O2
- no chloroplasts (organelles)
- photosynthesize by membranes
- use phycocyanin pigments
- store food as glycogen (not starch)
- mostly freshwater
Cyanobacteria Prochloron
- Photosynthetic
- (contains clorophyll a)
[found in sea squirts] - tropical
Cyanobacteria make-up SX
- vegetative cells [photosynthesize]
- heterocyst [fix nitrogen]
Requirements for cyanobacteria
- CO2
- N2
- H20
A ___________ makes the Red Sea red
- cyanobacteria
A cyanobacteria called _______ is the size of marbles
- Nostoc
