Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Three types in Domain Archea

A
  1. Thermoacidophiles
  2. Methanogens
  3. Halophiles
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2
Q

Thermoacidophiles

A
  • In hot sulfur springs
  • Hydrothermal vents
  • Chemoautotrophs
  • iron and sulfur used for food [energy in chemical bonds]
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3
Q

Methanogens

A
  • Methane producers
  • In swamps and guts
  • anaerobic
  • 2 million CH4/year
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4
Q

Halophiles

A

*Salt loving
- Live up to 30% salt
- In tannin pools, salted fish, animal hides
== most are heterotrophic
== some autotrophic

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5
Q

Qualities of Domain Bacteria

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • No nucleus
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Single celled organisms [some w/ filaments, some w/ colonies]
  • Asexual reproduction
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6
Q

Asexual reproduction in bacteria

A
  • Budding (fission)
    *plasmids: circular extra-chromosomal DNA
    [cocci - spheres]
    [bacilla - rods]
    [spirilla - spirals]
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7
Q

Bacteria produce ______ and ______ produce anti-bacterial

A
  1. antifungal

2. fungi

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8
Q

Bacterial Oxygen Requirements

A
  1. Aerobes (need 02)
  2. Anaerobes (don’t need 02 - fermentation)
  3. Facultative anaerobes (can switch over if need be)
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9
Q

How are bacteria decomposers?

A
  • In water and soil
  • Secrete enzymes out of cells [hydrolysis]

*Ecologically important: recycle nutrients == produce soils

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10
Q

Mutualistic bacteria

A
  • Cellulose digesting bacteria in cows
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11
Q

Bacteria as Pathogens

A
  • Invade host [usually through mucous membrane]

- Spread to others

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12
Q

Bacteria as Photoautotrophs?

A

Synthesize their own food from inorganic substances using light as an energy source.

  • Purple sulfur bacteria
  • Green sulfur bacteria
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13
Q

Representative bacteria

A
  • Streptococcus
  • Salmonella
  • E. Coli
  • Staphylococcus
  • Tuberculosis
  • Botulism
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14
Q

Streptococcus

A
  • produce yogurt
  • part of “normal” flora of gut and mouth
  • pathogenic strains:
  • strep-throat
  • meningitis
  • “flesh-eating” bacteria
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15
Q

Salmonella

A
  • toxin producer
  • salmonellosis: fecal-oral route (chicken)
  • salmonella typhi: typhoid fever
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16
Q

E. Coli

A
  • normal gut flora
  • produce vitamin K
  • some strains are pathogenic
  • dysentery (can be amoebic too)
17
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A
  • Multiple infections: skin, intestinal, pneumonia, boils, sepsis
18
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • Myobacterium

- Typically in the lungs

19
Q

Botulism

A
  • Clostridium botulinum
  • makes neuroparalytic toxin
  • stops ACh release (i.e. botox)
  • protein toxin - 5 min boiling == denatures
  • spores resistant to heat, acid, drying, radiation
    ==pressure cooking
20
Q

Bacterial Economics

A
  1. Yogurt
  2. Xanthomonas - causes black rot in cabbage
    - Xanthum gum = bacterial slime - rich texture
    - (i.e. canned sauces, toothpaste, cake mixes, salad dressings)
  3. Vinegar bacteria - convert alochol to acetic acid
  4. Cheese - lactid acid bacteria
  5. Antibiotics - some bacteria make anitfungal compounds
  6. Plasmids
    * movement of genes
    - provide bacteria resistance
    - used in recombinant DNA technology
    * makes human insulin
21
Q

How Antibiotics Work

A
  • Bacteria have rigid cell-wall structures

- antibiotics disrupt linkages

22
Q

Bacterial metabolism

A
  • Heterotrophs
23
Q

Ecological Importance of bacteria

A
  • Nitrogen Fixation

- Cyanobacteria (photosynthesize and makes O2)

24
Q

Nitrogen Fixation of Bacteria

A
  • Atmosphere nitrogen to ammonia or nitrates
  • Rhizobium - in legume root nodules
  • restricted to few bacteria
25
Q

Phylum Cyanobacteria

A
  • “blue-green algae”
  • Photosynthesize and make O2
  • no chloroplasts (organelles)
  • photosynthesize by membranes
  • use phycocyanin pigments
  • store food as glycogen (not starch)
  • mostly freshwater
26
Q

Cyanobacteria Prochloron

A
  • Photosynthetic
  • (contains clorophyll a)
    [found in sea squirts] - tropical
27
Q

Cyanobacteria make-up SX

A
  • vegetative cells [photosynthesize]

- heterocyst [fix nitrogen]

28
Q

Requirements for cyanobacteria

A
  • CO2
  • N2
  • H20
29
Q

A ___________ makes the Red Sea red

A
  • cyanobacteria
30
Q

A cyanobacteria called _______ is the size of marbles

A
  • Nostoc