Kingdom Plantae Flashcards
Kingdom Plantae Characteristics
- eukaryotic
- multicellular
- photosynthetic
- chlorophyll A & B
- starch store in plastids
- cellulose in cell wall
- non-motile
- TRUE tissues
The Kingdom Plantae is assumed to come from _____ _____ sources
- green algal
Kingdom Plantae consists of:
- Mosses and moss-like plants
- Ferns and fern-like plants
- Gymnosperms (pines, firs)
- Flowering plants
Origins from Green Algal
- Chara (green alga)
- produces embryos
- molecular and developmental evidence links it together
Non-Vascular Plants
- Small plants
- Typically moist areas
- Dominant gametophyte
- Spore producing plants
[mosses] - [liverworts] - [hornworts]
Non-Vascular Plants Lack:
- True stems (caulids)
- True leaves (phyllids)
- Roots (rhizoids) = anchor plant
- No true xylem & phloem
Three Phyla of Non-Vascular Plants:
- Bryophyta - true mosses
- Marchantophyta - liverworts
- anthocerophyta - hornworts
Phylum Bryophyta
- true mosses
- 9,500 species
- biflagellate sperm (flies around)
- homosporous - one kind of spore
- cuticle absent in most bryophytes (don’t need to protect from losing water b/c they are around enough)
- need mositure
- sensitive to pollution (esp. sulfur dioxide)
- bioindicators - tell when present b/c plants die
_____ recycle nutrients in trees
- mosses
- slowly bring it down to be absorbed by roots
- tropical trees do it especially well
Mosses house _______
- cyanobacteria
* 2x Nitrogen fixation in canopy, than on forest floor
Female Reproduction in Mosses
- female gametophyte produces archegonia w/ eggs inside
Male Reproduction in Mosses
- male gametophyte produces antheridia w/ motile sperm
- need water to swim to female
- union of sperm and egg give sporophyte
Moss spore produces _____
- protonema
[small gametophyte]
Definite fossils of bryophyta found ____ MYA
- 350
Types of bryophyta
- Grimmia
- Sphagnum
Grimmia
- no cuticle
- When it gets wet = puffs up green in seconds
Sphagnum
[often in the floral industry]
- Occupies 1% of earth’s surface = 1/2 area of US
- Early surgical dressing
- absorbant [low pH]
- Tollund Man (thrown into swamp to die)
- Used for fuel, soil additive to gen. electricity
- Smoking of malt to make whiskey
Phylum Marchantiophyta
- 6,000 species
- Liverworts
- Leafy liverworts
- Flattened thallose
Doctrine of Signatures
If something looks like a part of the body, God put it there to heal that part and use it
Phylum anthocorophyta
- anthoceros species
- “hornworts” - leaves with horn-like structures
- 100 species
Fern & Fern Allies
- vascular spore-producing plants
- dominant sporophyte
- small, independent gametophyte
Fern Overview
- Phylum polypodiophyta
- [polypodium = many feet]
- 12,000 species
- typically have rhizome [horizontal stem]
- have megaphylls [leaves w/ many veins]
- very tropical
- temperate moist areas
Phylum Polypodiophyta
- Ferns with circinate leaves - uncoiling of leaf from crozier (circinate venation)
- roots all adventitious
- motile, flagellated, sperm (requires free water)
- Pteridomania - victorian era obsession of ferns
- contain small amounts of cyanide
Fern Lifecycle
- Sporophyte (diploid, multicellular)
- Gametophyte (haploid, unicellular)
- Shoot spores mechanically, like a catapault
- gametophyte can be male/female, just male, or just female
Sorus
- a cluster of spore-producing receptacles on the underside of a fern frond.
[sori - plural]
Indusium
- covering over sori
Sporangium have _______, which is the backbone of the catapault
- Annulus
Fern Classification
Classified by:
- habitat [aquatic, terrestrial]
- growth form, stem type
- reproductive structures [spore placement on leaf]
Fern Allies
- similar to ferns [dominant sporophyte, independent gametophyte]
- reduced leaves or no leaves at all
- microphylls (one vein)
Phylums of Fern Allies
- Phylum Lycophyta
- Phylum Equisetophyta
- Phylum Psilophyta
- Phylum Rhyniophyta
Phylum Lycophyta
[wolf plants]
- Sigillaria (fossil form) - major producers of coal
- Lepinodendron (major fossil form) 30-40 feet tall
- Extant Lycophyta
- club mosses - lycopodium
==lycopodium spores used for flash photography
Phylum Equisetophyta
- horsetails
- Carbon and Silica in walls
- equisetum - modern genus
- oldest extant plant genus
Calamites
- Ancient, tree-like horsetails
* Carboniferous period (300-360 MYA)
Phylum Psilophyta
- Whisk ferns (like witches brooms)
- Psilotum - modern genus form *good representation
Phylum Rhyniophyta
- 1st land plants*
Genus: - Cooksonia
- Rhynia
Cooksonia
- genus of Rhyniophyta [5 species]
- simple plant
- dichotomous stems
- terminal sporangia
[425 MYA == spores found 450 MYA b/c encased in harder tissue]
Rhynia
- genus of Rhyniophyta [aglaophyton]
- marshy environment
- simple plant
- dichotomous branching stems
- terminal sporangia
- cuticle - fossilized in mud/clay so more detailed presentation
- spore formers
- xylem
[412 MYA]
