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Plant Biology > Kingdom Plantae > Flashcards

Kingdom Plantae Flashcards

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1
Q

Kingdom Plantae Characteristics

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • photosynthetic
  • chlorophyll A & B
  • starch store in plastids
  • cellulose in cell wall
  • non-motile
  • TRUE tissues
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2
Q

The Kingdom Plantae is assumed to come from _____ _____ sources

A
  • green algal
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3
Q

Kingdom Plantae consists of:

A
  1. Mosses and moss-like plants
  2. Ferns and fern-like plants
  3. Gymnosperms (pines, firs)
  4. Flowering plants
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4
Q

Origins from Green Algal

A
  • Chara (green alga)
  • produces embryos
  • molecular and developmental evidence links it together
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5
Q

Non-Vascular Plants

A
  • Small plants
  • Typically moist areas
  • Dominant gametophyte
  • Spore producing plants

[mosses] - [liverworts] - [hornworts]

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6
Q

Non-Vascular Plants Lack:

A
  • True stems (caulids)
  • True leaves (phyllids)
  • Roots (rhizoids) = anchor plant
  • No true xylem & phloem
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7
Q

Three Phyla of Non-Vascular Plants:

A
  1. Bryophyta - true mosses
  2. Marchantophyta - liverworts
  3. anthocerophyta - hornworts
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8
Q

Phylum Bryophyta

A
  • true mosses
  • 9,500 species
  • biflagellate sperm (flies around)
  • homosporous - one kind of spore
  • cuticle absent in most bryophytes (don’t need to protect from losing water b/c they are around enough)
  • need mositure
  • sensitive to pollution (esp. sulfur dioxide)
  • bioindicators - tell when present b/c plants die
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9
Q

_____ recycle nutrients in trees

A
  • mosses
  • slowly bring it down to be absorbed by roots
  • tropical trees do it especially well
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10
Q

Mosses house _______

A
  • cyanobacteria

* 2x Nitrogen fixation in canopy, than on forest floor

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11
Q

Female Reproduction in Mosses

A
  • female gametophyte produces archegonia w/ eggs inside
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12
Q

Male Reproduction in Mosses

A
  • male gametophyte produces antheridia w/ motile sperm
  • need water to swim to female
  • union of sperm and egg give sporophyte
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13
Q

Moss spore produces _____

A
  • protonema

[small gametophyte]

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14
Q

Definite fossils of bryophyta found ____ MYA

A
  • 350
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15
Q

Types of bryophyta

A
  • Grimmia

- Sphagnum

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16
Q

Grimmia

A
  • no cuticle

- When it gets wet = puffs up green in seconds

17
Q

Sphagnum

A

[often in the floral industry]

  • Occupies 1% of earth’s surface = 1/2 area of US
  • Early surgical dressing
  • absorbant [low pH]
  • Tollund Man (thrown into swamp to die)
  • Used for fuel, soil additive to gen. electricity
  • Smoking of malt to make whiskey
18
Q

Phylum Marchantiophyta

A
  • 6,000 species
  • Liverworts
  • Leafy liverworts
  • Flattened thallose
19
Q

Doctrine of Signatures

A

If something looks like a part of the body, God put it there to heal that part and use it

20
Q

Phylum anthocorophyta

A
  • anthoceros species
  • “hornworts” - leaves with horn-like structures
  • 100 species
21
Q

Fern & Fern Allies

A
  • vascular spore-producing plants
  • dominant sporophyte
  • small, independent gametophyte
22
Q

Fern Overview

A
  • Phylum polypodiophyta
  • [polypodium = many feet]
  • 12,000 species
  • typically have rhizome [horizontal stem]
  • have megaphylls [leaves w/ many veins]
  • very tropical
  • temperate moist areas
23
Q

Phylum Polypodiophyta

A
  • Ferns with circinate leaves - uncoiling of leaf from crozier (circinate venation)
  • roots all adventitious
  • motile, flagellated, sperm (requires free water)
  • Pteridomania - victorian era obsession of ferns
  • contain small amounts of cyanide
24
Q

Fern Lifecycle

A
  • Sporophyte (diploid, multicellular)
  • Gametophyte (haploid, unicellular)
  • Shoot spores mechanically, like a catapault
  • gametophyte can be male/female, just male, or just female
25
Q

Sorus

A
  • a cluster of spore-producing receptacles on the underside of a fern frond.

[sori - plural]

26
Q

Indusium

A
  • covering over sori
27
Q

Sporangium have _______, which is the backbone of the catapault

A
  • Annulus
28
Q

Fern Classification

A

Classified by:

  • habitat [aquatic, terrestrial]
  • growth form, stem type
  • reproductive structures [spore placement on leaf]
29
Q

Fern Allies

A
  • similar to ferns [dominant sporophyte, independent gametophyte]
  • reduced leaves or no leaves at all
  • microphylls (one vein)
30
Q

Phylums of Fern Allies

A
  • Phylum Lycophyta
  • Phylum Equisetophyta
  • Phylum Psilophyta
  • Phylum Rhyniophyta
31
Q

Phylum Lycophyta

A

[wolf plants]

  • Sigillaria (fossil form) - major producers of coal
  • Lepinodendron (major fossil form) 30-40 feet tall
  • Extant Lycophyta
  • club mosses - lycopodium
    ==lycopodium spores used for flash photography
32
Q

Phylum Equisetophyta

A
  • horsetails
  • Carbon and Silica in walls
  • equisetum - modern genus
  • oldest extant plant genus
33
Q

Calamites

A
  • Ancient, tree-like horsetails

* Carboniferous period (300-360 MYA)

34
Q

Phylum Psilophyta

A
  • Whisk ferns (like witches brooms)

- Psilotum - modern genus form *good representation

35
Q

Phylum Rhyniophyta

A
  • 1st land plants*
    Genus:
  • Cooksonia
  • Rhynia
36
Q

Cooksonia

A
  • genus of Rhyniophyta [5 species]
  • simple plant
  • dichotomous stems
  • terminal sporangia

[425 MYA == spores found 450 MYA b/c encased in harder tissue]

37
Q

Rhynia

A
  • genus of Rhyniophyta [aglaophyton]
  • marshy environment
  • simple plant
  • dichotomous branching stems
  • terminal sporangia
  • cuticle - fossilized in mud/clay so more detailed presentation
  • spore formers
  • xylem

[412 MYA]

Plant Biology (6 decks)

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