Fungal Kingdom

Question 1

Characteristics of Fungal Kingdom

Answer 1

1. Heterotrophic
2. Non-motile
3. Most multi-cellular (yeasts are exceptions)
4. Mostly Decomposers - saprotrophs (dead)
5. Secrete Exoenzymes
6. Important Pathogens (ring worms, yeast inf., athletes foot)
7. Cells Walls of Chitin
8. Sexual & Asexual types
9. Dikaryon Stage (2 unfused nuclei)

Question 2

Vegetative State

Answer 2

• Hyphal threads (hypha=singular)

- Mycelium (collection of Hyphae)

Question 3

Within the Fungal Kingdom

Answer 3

• Mushrooms
• Molds
• Mildews
• Yeasts
• Rusts
• Puffballs

Question 4

Fungi produce both _______ and _______ spores

Answer 4

1. Asexual

2. Sexual

Question 5

Asexual Spores

Answer 5

[sporangiophore]
[conidiophore]

• Spores are:
• light
• travel with wind
• UV resistant

Question 6

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 6

• plus strain
• minus strain

== fruiting body

Question 7

Fungi are classified by type of sexual stage

Answer 7

1. Spores produces in a sac (Ascomycota)
2. Spores produced on a club (Basidiomycota)
3. Spores born in zygosporangium (Zygomycota)
4. Asexual Fungi

Question 8

Phylum Ascomycota

Answer 8

• 70,000
• 70% of fungi
• Yeasts
• Truffles
• Mildews
• Cup fungi
• Morels
• Molds

Question 9

Yeast

Answer 9

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (unicellular)

• important in alcohol, bread, & vitamin
• Yeasts produced by fission (budding)

Question 10

Truffles

Answer 10

• Subterranean fungi

* Sexual scent to pigs to dig up

Question 11

Mildews

Answer 11

• Pathogenic on plants and animals

Question 12

Molds

Answer 12

• ASEXUAL
  1. Penicillium
  == (penecillin) – conidiospore
  2. Aspergillus
  == (swimmer’s ear) – conidiospore

SEXUAL
3. Ergot [in grain]
(ergot poisoning) == St. Anthony’s Fire
-mytotoxin (hallucinogen)

Question 13

Sick Building Syndrome

Answer 13

• Stachybotrys
• cellulose
• gypsum

Question 14

Phylum Basidiomycota

Answer 14

[ Basidium = club ]
[ Myco = fungus ]
- Sexual spores on a club
- 30% (30,000 species)

• Fairy ring (growth pattern)

Question 15

Mushroom Morphology

Answer 15

• Cap
• Gills
• Stipe
• Mycelium

Question 16

Types of Basidiomycota

Answer 16

A. Agaricus bisporus
B. Amanita muscaria
- contains muscarine (hallucinogens)
* spore print (recognizing mushrooms) [dropping of spores]

C. Puffballs
D. Earthstar [puffballs w/ things on end]
E. Jelly Fungi
F. Rust
G. Stinkhorn - smell gross, attract flies
H. Stinkhorse - spores transported by flies
I. Bolete - pores, not gills (most mushrooms have gills)
J. Shelf Fungi - cause heartrot (eats heartwood)
K. Chicken of the Woods - edible, depending on what it grows on (cannot eat from eucalyptus)

Question 17

Phylum Zygomycota

[zygo = yolked (joined together)]

Answer 17

• 1%
• Major contaminant in labs
• germinated with spores

Question 18

Mycotoxins of Zygomycota

Answer 18

1. amanita phallodes - death
2. andel - basidiomycota
3. amanita muscaria - hallucinations *

Question 19

Fungal Economics

Answer 19

1. Rot
2. Fermentation - bread, beer, whiskey, wine, brandy
3. Antibiotics [alexander flemming 1928] - penecillin
4. Parasites
   
   • ringworm
   • athletes foot
   • thrush [throat]
   • condida [goes
   • vaginal yeast infections
5. Cheeses
6. Fermented foods
7. Vitamins (yeast)
8. Food products (citric acid)
9. Industrial products (varnishes)
10. Food

Question 20

Mycorrhizae

Answer 20

• Plant-fungal associations
• Fungus provides minerals to plant by dissolving stuff from soil
• Plant gives fungus carbohydrates

[endomycorrhizae] - inside
[ectomycorrhizae] - inside

Question 21

Lichens

Answer 21

• fungal-algal symbiosis
• mycobiont - fungus
• photobiont - algae, cyanobiont [produce carbohydrates]
• break down rocks to soil - can dissolves minerals

Question 22

3 Growth Forms of Lichens

Answer 22

• Crustose lichens
• Foliose lichens
• Fruticose lichens