Project LifeCycles Flashcards
Linear lifecycle is also known as as
Waterfall
How many stages does a linear life cycle have
4
The linear lifecycle stages are
Concept
Definition
Deployment
Transition
Extended lifecycle consist of
Adoption, benefits realisation and operations
Project lifecycle =
Outputs
Extended lifecycle =
Outcomes
Concept phase
A quick look at the project and decide if it is worth doing any work on
Definition phase
Detailed look at the project - the scope and the plan is developed and the determine if it is something we really want to do
Deployment
Build and test the product
Transistion
Hand the output to the customer , finalise the account , pay the bills and close the project down
In an extended lifecycle the users will use
The users will use the product to create outcomes which reflect the new way of doing things and as a result benefits are realised
Benefits realisation are in the ____ and rule alongside
Extended lifecycle
Adoption and operations
Termination
Once the new stage is achieved we continue to use the product until they are superseded and discontinued
Iterative like cycle is also known as
Agile
What are the lifecycles
Linear, Iterative and Hybrid
How many phases in a iterative lifecycle
6
Iterative lifecycle consist of
Pre project phase
Feasibility stage
Foundation phase
Evolutionary development phase
Deployment phase
Post project phase
The pre project phase ensures
That only the right projects are started, set up correctly + based on a clearly defined project scope
Within the pre project phase checks will be
Made to ensure the project fits within the organisation strategy
The feasibility stage is concerned with
Ensuring the project is both technically feasible and from a business perspective it is cost effective
The effort associated with the feasibility stage
Should be just enough to decide whether further investigation is justified or whether the project should be stopped
The foundation phase establishes a
Fundamental but not detailed understanding of the business rationale, the potential solution that will be created and the way development and delivery will be managed
The aim of the foundation phase stage is to
Understand the scope of the project and in broad terms how it will be undertaken
In the evolutionary development phase the
Solution will evolve
In the evolutionary phase the teams will use
iterative development , time boxing and Moscow prioritisation along with modelling and facilitated workshops to converge overtime a solution that meets the business needs and is built in the right way
Working with time boxes in the evolutionary development phase the team create
Solution increments , iteratively exploring the low level detail of the requirements and testing continuously as they move forward
In the deployment phase a baseline
Of the evolving solution is brought forward into operational use , the release that is deployed may be the final solution after the last release the project is closed
In the post project phase checks are
Undertaken to check how well the expected benefits have been met
Hybrid life cycles could be used when
There is a combination of outputs that require different approaches or where it is not clear at the outset what is needed. ( research and feasibility undertaken iteratively, building the project is done in a linear approach)
What does phases within a linear lifecycle improve ?
Improves the planning of work to be carried out during the project where specific work elements are presented in a more visible way enabling improved planning decisions to be made
The phased structure within a linear lifecycle permits ______
A clearer identification of priorities where there is focus on important factors during each phase
The phases within a linear
Lifecycle facilitates_______
Increased effective stakeholder communication integrating both the wider stakeholder community and those involved in the daily activities.
Phases in a linear life
Cycle improve _________ where specific work elements are ___________ enabling improved _______
- The planning of work to be carried out during the project.
- presented in a more visible way
- planning decisions to be made
The adoption phase does not occur in the ——- lifecycle but does occur in the ————
- Project lifecycle
- Extended life cycle
The adoption phase occurs in the ?
Extended project lifecycle
Benefit realisation occurs in the _____ lifecycle
Extended lifecycle
The adoption phase facilitates the use of _______ and enables acceptance and the use of ________
- project outputs
- benefits
The end users are involved in the _____ phase, where they will use the product to create ____
Adoption phase
Benefits
What phase are endusers involved in ?
Adoption
Benefit realisation
The adoption phase reflect a ?
New way of doing things
The adoption phase is carried out alongside the ________ phase
Benefit realisation
The benefit realisation phase is the ?
Realisation of the required business benefits
In the realisation phase endusers are responsible for
Realisation of the required business benefits
Whatever life cycle is chosen if will provide a __________ for _________ by acting as important management tool.
Structure for governing the work
Approached to deployment range between ?
Highly predictive and highly adaptive settings
More predictive approaches tend to reply on ?
Knowledge know at the start allowing work to proceed in a sequential manner.
Adaptive context imply that the new knowledge is ?
Crated as the work progresses which is then used to inform and hide the remains effort
Adaptive approach allow more key stakeholders to ?
Contribute and shape the development process
In a linear life cycle the initiative progresses through a _______ series of _____ or ____
Sequential
Steps or phases
Following a linear lifecycle each phase will provide only _______ until the final desired state is reached usually at the end of the _______. This is suitable for _____ , _______.
Partial capability
Last phase
Stable , low risk environments
A typical linear life cycle encompasses many phases ?
Concept , definition , deployment and transition
Concept ?
Definition?
Deployment?
Transition ?
- development of an initial idea through initial studies and high level requirements management and assessment of viability including an outline business case.
- development of an detailed definition , plans and statement of requirements that include a full justification for the work. Typically a project management plan for the output of the phase.
- implementation of plans and verification of performance though testing and assurance to realise intended outputs , outcomes and benefits.
- handover , commissioning and acceptance of outputs to the sponsor and wider wishes culminating in a formal closure.
The linear approach aims to be highly ___, ____ and ____. Providing a transparent format for _______ and allowing _______ and ____ over the process.
Predictable, structured and stable
Managing contracts
Maximum control and governance
The linear life cycles works particularly well for _____ of well understood and clearly defined ____ , trading ___ , _____ and ____ to achieve the right _____ and _______
Deployment
Outputs
Time , cost and risk
Quality and scope
How many phases are in an iterative
Life cycle ?
6
During the pre project phase iterative life cycles begin by ?
Developing a high level vision
The feasibility and the foundation phase in a an iterative lifecycle ensure ?
That the finer detail is uncovered during the cycles of iteration .
The evolutionary development phase allows ?
The specification and design to run in parallel and so fast tracks to deployment .
Iterations are used to ?
Progressively elaborate and improve understanding based on client interaction with learning between iterations
Iterations are applied when the goals are ______ but the means of ______ them are not. The rapid ______ of smaller , partial ______ becomes the basis for gaining fast __ and new _____ about what needs to be done.
Clear
Achieving
Deployment
Solutions
Feedback
Insight
The deployment phase of an iterative lifecycle seeks to ?
Bring the evolving solution into operational use either fully or using incremental solutions. Which delivers partial requirements , utilising user experience to from the next solution increments.
The final phase , post project in an iterative lifecycle identifies ?
Whether the solution has delivered the benefits to the degree required to achieve the business case
Using iterations allows _______ on some of the benefits that have already been implemented while validating the ______ and ______ users.
Earlier returns
Concept
Engaging
Hybrid life cycles enable a ___________, usually fusing together elements from _____ and _____ perspectives to create a new model or approach.
Pragmatic mix of approaches
Predictive and adaptive
Iterative using elements from
A predictive and adaptive perspective example ?
Utilising iterative or agile methods for early requirements gathering where the uncertainty is the greatest and following it up with a incremental or sequential processes to formalise deployment.
The use of prototyping , time boxing or iterative thinking offers ?
Tested methods for experimentation and risk reduction.
Adding iterative elements to predictive projects can ?
Enhance deployment in stages , support the generation of insights, underpin the realisation of an early benefit steam and validate some of the ideas much earlier within the cycle.
Phases in a linear lifecycle : clearer identification of priorities
The partitioning of work means that
The staged/phases structure enables focus to be Maintained on important factor appropriate to the characteristics of each stage
Phases in a linear lifecycle : improved planning of work
Allows phases to be broken down typically into stages , work packages and finally to specific activities ensuring more visibility for specific work elements and allowing improved planning decisions to be made. - more efficient as laster stages may be more subject to change
Phases in a linear lifecycle : more effective stakeholder communication
Enables stake holder to be updated on project status, this is especially useful in ensuring integration of the wider stakeholder community as well as those involved in day to day activity .
Phases in a linear lifecycle : improved control
The sponsor and project manager can review objectives and tolerances and make appropriate changes to ensure effective control. Such as gate reviews which can provide the sponsor with the opportunity to review the project to consider termination of the objectives or benefits cannot be achieved or changes to the baseline requirement need to be considered to allow the project to continue.
Phases in a linear lifecycle : more effective risk management
Thorough risk assessments can be conducted at the end of each stage and be used to support go/no go decisions. stages ensure that project management focuses on the most critical areas of risks.
Phase structure in a linear lifecycle allow for ?
- improved planning of work
- clear identification of priorities
-more effective risk assessment
-more effective stakeholder communication
-improved control
Project lifecycle vs Extended lifecycle: the additional activities included in the extended life cycle encompasses ?
Adoption and benefit realisation
Project lifecycle vs Extended lifecycle: Adoption ?
Operations and sustainment required to utilise the new project and enable the acceptance and the use of benefits.
Project lifecycle vs Extended lifecycle: benefit realisation
Realisation of the required business benefits
The principal implication of extending the end of the lifecycle to incorporate ________ is that there is a need to start upfront _____ for the supplemental _____ and incorporate additional _____ during the concept and definition phases.
Benefit realisation
Planning
Activities
Considerations
A review is a ?
Critical evaluation of a deliverable, Business case or Project Management process.
Reviews are one of the principle _______ by which the quality of _______, performance of the __________ and ongoing _______ of the work are assured.
Mechanism
Deliverable
Management process
Viability
Reviews investigate one of three aspects of a project :
Deliverables
The business case
Management processes
Reviews: deliverables -
A review can be a procedure for quality control of products delivered by a project or programme
Reviews: business case
The continued desirability , viability and achievability of the work should be reviewed at set points in the lifecycle - this type of review can result in premature closure of projects and programmes
Reviews: management processes
A review of part of project assurance to check the work is being well managed
Decision Gate: the purpose of a decision gate is to conduct a _____ and confirm ______ of the work across the chosen lifecycle
Review
Viability
Decision Gate: in a linear lifecycle decision gates are ________ at the end of a phase of work.
Event driven
Decision Gate: in a iterative life cycle decision gates are _____
Time bound
Decision Gate: many project or programmes adopt a hybrid life cycle with a _______ of main decision gates at the end of major phases of work ______ by interim review points to reflect the iterative nature of development.
Combination
Supplemented
Decision Gate: in all cases the sponsor and the wider governance board are accountable for the decision to continue the work reviews in advance of a decision gate ask for key questions :
What has been achieved
What is required for the next stage
What are the key decisions to be made
Is the business case still viable - I.e can the desired benefits be achieved for an acceptable level of cost and risk
Benefit reviews: a benefit (realisation) review is carried out during ?
Benefit realisation and is a formal review of a programme or project
Benefits Review: A benefit review is typically conducted ?
6-12 months after handover and commissioning of the deliverables.
A benefits review maybe repeated through the ?
Operational lifecyle of the product
Benefits Review: a benefit review is used to answer the questions:
Did we achieve what we set out to do in business terms and if not what should be done ?
Benefits Review: for a construction development or procurement project a review in undertaken when ?
There has been time to demonstrate the business benefits of a new service or building
Benefits Review: for. Minor programme of change there will be ?
Several benefits review overtime
Benefits Review: a benefit review is an essential component of the benefits _________. It checks whether benefits
Including the one set out in the business case have been _______ and _______ opportunities for further improvement.
Management process
Achieved and identifies
Audit: audit are normally undertaken by ?
An independent body , internal or external organisation but independent from the project
Audit: an audits objective is to ?
Provide assurance to the sponsor that the project is being managed using the agreed governance and process.
Stage reviews: these reviews evaluate the ?
Progress of the project and should be considered as part of the normal monitoring and control points within a project
Stage review : A stage review can be be undertaken by some form of ________ or by the ________ .
Assurance function
Project manager
Stage review: the purpose of a stage review is to ?
Discover whether or not the project is being managed effectively and to encourage learning while doing continual improvement.
Stage review: the stage review should be included in the ________ by the _____ and they will use the ______ as their base reference
Project schedule
Project manager
Project management plan
Stage review: the post project review will use the ______ contained within the stage reviews to form a complete picture of project __________
Information
Management performance
Stage review: the common areas reviewed include
Risk
Estimating accuracy
Safety
Team performance and quality
Post-project reviews: the project manager is responsible for arranging a Prost project review that will take place ?
Shortly after the project if formally completed (end of transition phase)
Post-project reviews: if the project is terminated early the post project review will be conducted at?
The point of termination
Post-project reviews: the prime objective of a post project review is to ?
Learn lessons that may be appropriate to recommend improvements to other project management teams.
Post-project reviews: a post project review review document will produced to ?
Describe the impact of approved changes on the project management plan , any benefits that can be assessed at this time and confirm the quality of work done during the project meets the quality and expectations of the customer.
Post-project reviews: post project reviews must be conducted in a _____. Organisations must be prepared to learn to get most ______. In order for real ____________ or ______ to business processes and supporting infrastructure to be made
Open manner
Value
Lessons to be learned
Improvements
Post-project reviews: all recommendations must be sufficiently robust for the organisation to ?
Be able to act upon them
Closing a project early: not all projects are able to achieve the planned ________ as circumstances change overtime.
Organisational objectives
Closing a project early: if a project cannot achieve the planned organisational objectives it is logical to close the project early to ?
Divert investment away from something that is no longer a priority
Towardss
A more useful opportunity
Closing a project early: in a organisation where closure of a project is seen as positive decision the concept of _______ is built into the ______ and _______ process
Failing fast
Planning and decision making
Closing a project early: many projects may look ______ but cease to become so when _______ is known
Promising
More information.
Closing a project early: it is wrong to continue when there is ?
Evidence that sufficient value cannot be created to justify the level of investment considered
Closing a project early: the sponsor is responsible for developing _____ that help the _____ to close the projects early
Governance approaches
Decision
Closing a project early: in cases where the project is closed early the project will not be bowed as a failure but an opportunity for?
better utilisation of resources.
