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MBBCh 3- Themes > Professionalism in Healthcare (A) > Flashcards

Professionalism in Healthcare (A) Flashcards

1
Q

Steven _____ Biko

18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977

A

Bantu

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2
Q

What are examples of Doctor’s moral failures? (4)

A
  • False reports
  • Overlooking indicators
  • Not examining patient properly
  • Allowing patient to be transported in a vehicle other than ambulance
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3
Q

How did professional bodies fail Steve Biko morally? (4)

A
  • Initially supported findings of preliminary enquiry
  • Did not discipline doctors
  • SAMDC only took action against doctors after a court order
  • Took 8 years
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4
Q

Professional bodies’ moral failures - Steve Biko

  • Both moral failure of doctors & professional bodies brought profession into _______
  • Challenged _____ of public in profession
  • We naturally judge the doctors more harshly, because health care is a calling, a _____ profession…
A

disrepute
trust
noble

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5
Q

How is healthcare practiced in a system where there’s no notion of a healthcare profession?

A

Healthcare is practiced without the concept of a healthcare profession.

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6
Q

How are healthcare practitioners licensed in a system without Health Professions Councils?

A

Healthcare practitioners are licensed by a government-appointed board that consists not only of peers but also other experts and members of the public.

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7
Q

How is education and training controlled in a system without Health Professions Councils?

A

Education and training are controlled by a government department, advised by senior healthcare practitioners.

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8
Q

How are healthcare practitioners regarded by patients in such a system?

A

Patients regard healthcare practitioners like bank managers, auto-mechanics, or plumbers – as specialist suppliers of services.

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9
Q

How are fees determined in a system where there’s no regulation on healthcare charges?

A

Healthcare practitioners charge whatever fees they like and rely on their reputation to establish what patients will pay.

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10
Q

What is the primary focus of healthcare practitioners in this system?

A

Healthcare practitioners seek to satisfy their patients rather than considering their best interests.

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11
Q

In a system where healthcare practitioners are free to pursue profit, what limitations exist?

A

Healthcare practitioners are limited by the law and their own abilities to pursue profit.

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12
Q

How are ethical standards maintained in a system without a professional code of conduct or ethics guidelines?

A

In such a system, ethical standards are not formally enforced, leaving healthcare practitioners to operate within the bounds of the law and their personal ethics.

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13
Q

What regulatory bodies oversee healthcare practitioners in a system without Health Professions Councils?

A

In the absence of Health Professions Councils, healthcare practitioners operate within the law, and clients unhappy with service may report them to the Health Service Ombudsman.

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14
Q

What is the role of the Health Service Ombudsman in overseeing healthcare practitioners?

A

The Health Service Ombudsman, consisting of lawyers and administrators, has the authority to impose fines, nullify contracts, and impose sanctions based on complaints from clients regarding healthcare services.

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15
Q

Under what circumstances could a healthcare practitioner lose their license in such a system?

A

Healthcare practitioners could lose their license due to gross incompetence, impairment, or an inability to perform services.

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16
Q

How are serious client complaints handled in the absence of Health Professions Councils?

A

Serious client complaints are handled by the courts, with criminal charges for contravention of the law and civil suits for reasonable cases.

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17
Q

In a system where healthcare practitioners are considered service providers rather than professionals, how are they regulated?

A

Healthcare practitioners are regulated by state bodies and courts, with oversight from managers, lawyers, analysts, and judges rather than peers in the profession.

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18
Q

What is the distinction between patients and clients in this system?

A

In this system, healthcare practitioners have clients rather than patients, treating their practice as a service provider rather than a healthcare professional.

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19
Q

How is the status of healthcare practitioners perceived in this system?

A

Healthcare practitioners are viewed as just another specialist supplier of services, lacking the professional status associated with traditional healthcare professions.

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20
Q

What is the potential consequence of this system for healthcare practitioners?

A

Healthcare practitioners may find themselves spending more time in court than in practice due to the legal oversight and handling of client complaints.

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21
Q

How is healthcare regarded in the real world?

A

In the real world, healthcare is considered a noble and respected profession.

22
Q

What term is typically used to describe individuals seeking healthcare services in the real world?

A

In the real world, individuals seeking healthcare services are referred to as patients rather than clients.

23
Q

What is the primary commitment of healthcare practitioners in the real world?

A

In the real world, healthcare practitioners are committed to the best interests of their patients rather than merely satisfying whims.

24
Q

How are healthcare practitioners perceived in the real world?

A

In the real world, healthcare practitioners are held in esteem for their dedication and service to their patients.

25
Q

How are healthcare practitioners primarily regulated in the real world?

A

In the real world, healthcare practitioners are mostly regulated by their peers through the existence of Professional Councils, which evidence special privilege and responsibility based on basic respect for healthcare professions.

26
Q

“Health care is, after all, a moral profession” (Branch)

What are the two claims of health?

A
  1. Health care is a Profession
  2. Health care is an especially MORAL Profession
27
Q

What do we mean by ‘Profession’?
* Distinguish certain careers / occupations from others
* Professions are distinguished from: (4)

A

– A job
– A trade
– An occupation
– A career

28
Q
  • Classical Professions:
A

Medicine, Law, Clergy

29
Q

‘Professional’ vs. amateur
* ‘Professional’ footballer / dancer

‘Professional’ behaviour =

A

= doing a job to acceptable standards
* Waiter was very ‘professional’

30
Q

‘Profession’
* Reserved for certain particular _______

(medicine, law, engineering, etc)

A

occupations

31
Q

What are status professions?

A
32
Q

READ!

A
32
Q

What is one characteristic qualifying healthcare as a ‘status’ profession?

A

Healthcare practice requires mastering a complex body of knowledge and skills to be used in the service of others.

33
Q

What is another characteristic of healthcare as a ‘status’ profession?

A

Members of the healthcare profession are expected to adhere to certain codes of ethics and be committed to competence, integrity, and morality.

34
Q

What is the basis of the commitment made by healthcare professionals, qualifying healthcare as a ‘status’ profession?

A

The commitment made by healthcare professionals is based on a social contract between society and the profession.

35
Q

What is one characteristic of healthcare practice?

A

Healthcare practice requires mastering a complex body of knowledge and skills to be used in the service of others. This knowledge and skill are acquired through education, book learning, and experience in practice, often under the mentorship of senior peers.

36
Q

Does this knowledge belong to the health care professional?

A
37
Q

What are healthcare professionals expected to adhere to?

A

Healthcare practitioners are expected to adhere to codes of ethics and be committed to competence, integrity, and morality. This includes having their patients’ best interests at heart, similar to other professions like judges ruling on the law impartially and accountants providing honest accounts of transactions.

38
Q
  • Its members are expected to adhere to codes of ethics & be committed to competence, integrity and morality
  • Health practitioners have certain ethical obligations related to the practice of their profession

What are some of these ethical obligations? (5)

A
  1. Expert knowledge and competence
  2. Honest provision of services
  3. Respect for boundaries of the professional relationship
  4. Protection of patients’ confidential information & privacy
  5. Treating clients politely, respectfully & without prejudice
39
Q

What is the basis of the commitment made by healthcare professionals?

A

The commitment made by healthcare professionals is based on a social contract between society and the profession. This contract grants the profession a monopoly over the use of its knowledge bases, considerable autonomy in practice, and the privilege of self-regulation. Professions and their members are accountable to those they serve and to society.

40
Q

What are the features of the health professionals’ social contract?

A
41
Q

Society
* Monopoly on knowledge
* Autonomy in practice
* Self-regulation: (3)

A
  • Education & training
  • Set ethical Guidelines &
    Standards
  • Maintain discipline
42
Q

True or false,

Doctors often have high social status and live a privileged lifestyle.

A

True

43
Q

Why is health care considered a particularly moral profession?

A

Health care practitioners are forced to navigate through complex and serious moral issues inherent in their practice, such as life, death, disability, religious conscience, and pain relief that hastens death.

44
Q

What are some moral issues intrinsic to the practice of medicine?

A

Dealing with complex moral issues is inherent in medicine, including life, death, disability, religious conscience, withdrawal of life support, allocation of scarce resources, conscientious objection to TOP, refusal to treat people with HIV, limits of confidentiality, and the morning-after pill.

45
Q

Why does the nature of illness itself necessitate a moral aspect in health care?

A

Patients are in a uniquely dependent, anxious, vulnerable, and exploitable state. They must bear their weaknesses, compromise their dignity, and reveal intimacies of body and mind.

46
Q

What do we expect from those we depend on in healthcare?

A

We expect them to be trustworthy, have our interests at heart, respect our privacy, autonomy, and dignity, be responsive to our anxiety and vulnerability, and not exploit our weakness. We expect them to be caring and compassionate.

47
Q

What does professionalism in healthcare require according to Coulehan?

A

Professionalism in healthcare requires physicians to prioritize the interests of the patient above their self-interest. It aspires to altruism, accountability, excellence, duty, service, honor, integrity, and respect for others.

48
Q

What are the characteristics of a GOOD professional? (4)

A
  • Competent, knowledgeable & skilled
  • Committed to codes of professional ethics
  • Equipped with intellectual skills to navigate complex ethical issues
  • Persons of virtue: sympathetic, caring, altruistic
49
Q
A

MBBCh 3- Themes (27 decks)

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