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Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic > Production Animal Anaemia > Flashcards

Production Animal Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the clinical signs of anaemia in farm animals…

A 
Pallor
Lack of exercise tolerance
Weakness
Haemic murmur
Dependent oedema
Red urine
Jaundice
Black faeces
Swollen udder
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2
Q

Describe the colour of normal farm animal mucous membranes in comparison to domestic animals…

A

Much paler

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3
Q

Describe the findings on clinical pathology of an anaemic animal…

A 
Low PCV
Low haemoglobin
Immature erythrocytes
Evidence of regeneration
Jaundice
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4
Q

What does a refractometer measure?

A

Sugars

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5
Q

What is gamma glutamyl transferase?

A

Liver enzyme

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6
Q

What is a normal cow PCV?

A

24-46%

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7
Q

What is a normal sheep PCV?

A

27-45%

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8
Q

What is a normal pig PCV?

A

22-38%

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9
Q

Describe the effect of dehydration on PCV

A

Raises it

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10
Q

Outline the major causes of anaemia and state whether or not they are regenerative

A 
Blood loss (regenerative)
Erythrocyte destruction (regenerative)
Inadequate erythrocyte production (non-regenerative)
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11
Q

What is haemorrhagic anaemia?

A

Regenerative anaemia due to blood loss

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12
Q

What is haemolytic anaemia?

A

Regenerative anaemia due to erythrocyte destruction

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13
Q

Which organ is not functioning properly in a case of non-regenerative anaemia?

A

Bone marrow

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14
Q

Outline the causes of haemorrhagic anaemia in farm animals…

A 
Caudal vena caval syndrome
Enzootic haemturia
Ruptured uterine artery
Ruptured aorta
Haemochosis
Fasciolosis
Lice, mice and ticks
Pyelonephritis
Abomasal ulcer
Intraluminal intestinal haemorrhage
Gastric ulceration (pigs)
Proliferative haemorhagic enteropathy (pigs)
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15
Q

Outline the causes of haemolytic anaemia in farm animals…

A 
Leptospirosis
Postparturient haemoglobinuria
Baciliary haemoglobinuria
Protozoa (Babesia)
Chronic copper poisoning
Cold water ingestion
Brassica poisoning (e.g. rape, kale, cabbage)
Drug-induced
Blood transfusion
Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia
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16
Q

Outline the causes of erythrocyte production depression in farm animals…

A 
Cobalt/copper deficiency
Iron deficiency
Acute bracken poisoning
Faciolosis
Lymphosarcoma
Chronic renal failure (amyloidosis, pyelonephritis)
Anaemia of inflammatory disease
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17
Q

What is dependent oedema?

A

Failure of fluids to stay in the bloodstream due to lack of protein

18
Q

Why do farm animals have pale mm normally?

A

Low PCV

Keratinised mouths

19
Q

Describe chronic copper poisoning in farm animals…

A

Copper is stored and accumulated in the liver
Some centrilolobular necrosis occurs as liver copper concentration rises (750ppm)
Release of liver copper stores causes haemolytic anaemia

20
Q

When should you perform a blood tranfusion in farm animals?

A

Haemotcrit <10%

21
Q

What are haematinics?

A

Agents that support the bone marrow and stimulate the production of red blood cells or increase the amount of haemoglobin in the blood

22
Q

With what are the risks of blood transfusion associated in farm animals?

A

Increased blood pressure

23
Q

Give examples of haematinics

A 
Iron
Copper
Vitamin B12
Protein
Fresh food
24
Q

Outline the clinical signs of enzootic haematuria

A 
Haematuria, with blood clots
Frequent urination
Thickened bladder
Other signs of chronic, progressive anaemia
Internal bleeding
25
Q

What is the most common cause of haematuria in cattle?

A

Enzootic haematuria

26
Q

What are the causes of abomasal ulcers in ruminants?

A

Sand
Displaced abomasum
Stress

27
Q

Outline the clinical signs assocaited with abomasal ulcers in farm animals…

A

Occult blood in faeces
Black, stinking dunk
Free air in the abdomen
Abdominal pain

28
Q

Describe anaemia of inflammatory disease in cattle…

A

Alterations in iron metabolism
Depressed bone marrow response
Shorter life span of erythrocyte

29
Q

Are cattle or sheep more susceptible to chronic copper poisoning?

A

Sheep

30
Q

What can be given to treat chronic copper toxicity?

A

Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
Ammonium molybdate and sodium sulfate
Sodium calcium edetate
Somnulose

31
Q

How is veal kept pale?

A

Deprived of iron

32
Q

Which breeds of sheep are most susceptible to chronic copper poisoning?

A

Texel

Suffolk

33
Q

Which breed of sheep are least susceptible to chronic copper poisoning?

A

Scottish blackface

Merino

34
Q

Where does the copper come from in chronic copper poisoning?

A 
Diet
- Concentrates
- Pastures
- Liver stores
Accidental overdosage
35
Q

What copper level is required for normal health of sheep?

A

> 4ppm

36
Q

Above what level does copper become dangerous in sheep?

A

> 12ppm

37
Q

Outline the clinical signs associated with chronic copper poisoning…

A 
Jaundice
Pallor
Haemoglobinuria
Depression
Death (24-48 hours after haemolytic event)
38
Q

Outline the clinical pathology associated with chronic copper poisoning…

A

Blood copper elevated
Liver copper elevated
Increased plasma AST

39
Q

Describe the patient with chronic copper poisoning at post-mortem…

A

Swollen yellow liver

  • Copper assay
  • Histopathology

Swollen dark grey kidneys

Jaundice

40
Q

Give the differential diagnoses for each clinical sign associated with chronic copper poisoning…

A

Haemoglobinuria

  • Bacterial
  • Postparturient
  • Rape and kale poisoning
  • Leptospirosis

Jaundice

  • Fascioliasis
  • Lupinosis

Anaemia
- Haemochosis

41
Q

Outline prevention chronic copper poisoning

A

Keep dietary copper <10ppm
Copper absorption inhibitors
Avoid prolonged feeding of concentrates
Never feed concentrates intended for cattle or pigs to sheep

Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic (14 decks)

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