Problem Solving Flashcards
what makes up a problem?
initial state
goal state
non-obvious way to reach the goal state
tupes of problems
well-defined problems
ill-defined problems
well-defined problem
has completely specified starting conditions, goal state, and method(s) to achieve the goal
ill-defined problem
some aspects of the problem are not completely specified
stages of problem solving
forming a representation constructing a plan executing the plan checking and evaluating (if necessary) reformulating previous steps
problem space
a whole range of possible states and operators, only some of which will lead to the goal state
states of the problem space
intial state
intermediate state
goal state
operator
method used to move from one state to another within the problem state
analogy
representative problem that is retrieved from memory that can be used to solve a similar, current problem
what is a common problem with use of analogies?
people make too-shallow connections between scenarios, therefore not realizing that an analogous problem has occurred
hinderances in forming representations
top-down preconceptions
being tapped by an easy or familiar perspective
types of top-down preconceptions
unnecessarily constraining the problem space
functional fixedness
functional fixedness
seeing an object as only having a fixed, familiar function
types of plans
algorithm
heuristic
algorithm
method that will lead to a guaranteed solution
considers all the possible moves
