Language

Question 1

what are the main tasks of language?

Answer 1

production and comprehension

Question 2

steps to listen

Answer 2

hear sound
identify the words and sentences
comprehend meaning

Question 3

steps to speak

Answer 3

have a thought
form a sentence
produce sound

Question 4

what is the hierarchical structure of language (smallest to largest)?

Answer 4

phoneme
morpheme 
word
phrase
sentence

Question 5

phoneme

Answer 5

smallest unit of speech sound that distinguishes one word from another

Question 6

morpheme

Answer 6

smallest unit that has a definable meaning or grammatical function
can be entire words

Question 7

word

Answer 7

combination of 1+ morphemes

Question 8

phrase

Answer 8

organized grouping of words

the building blocks of sentences

Question 9

sentence

Answer 9

group of phrases conveying meaning

Question 10

syntax

Answer 10

rules that determine how to build phrases

Question 11

phrase structure

Answer 11

a way to map the structure of a sentence
each word is assigned a role
rules specific what order and combinations those roles can occur

Question 12

problems with relying only on phrase structure for comprehension

Answer 12

the same phrase structure can have multiple meanings

multiple phrase structures can have the same meaning

Question 13

surface structure

Answer 13

phrase structure that corresponds to the order in which words were actually spoken

Question 14

deep structure

Answer 14

the fundamental, underlying phrase structure that conveys its meaning

Question 15

transformational grammar

Answer 15

rules that transform among surface structures having the same deep structure

Question 16

paraphrase

Answer 16

different surface structures have the same deep structure

Question 17

ambiguity

Answer 17

the same wording has more than one meaning

Question 18

types of ambiguity

Answer 18

lexical
syntactic
referential

Question 19

lexical ambiguity

Answer 19

a word has multiple meanings

Question 20

syntactic ambiguity

Answer 20

the same words can be grouped together into more than one phrase structure

Question 21

referential ambiguity

Answer 21

the same word or phrase can refer to two different things within a sentence

Question 22

how do we process language?

Answer 22

hear sounds
identify phonemes from the sounds
identify morphemes and words from the phonemes
lexical access
put words into phrases
figure out phrase structure of the sentence
compute the sentence’s meaning
figure out how the sentence fits into the context of the conversation

Question 23

McGurk effect

Answer 23

the phoneme one hears depends on visual input

Question 24

phonemic restoration effect

Answer 24

the brain can fill in missing phonemes using context

Question 25

parsing

Answer 25

establishing the syntactic structure of a sentence

Question 26

mistake

Answer 26

error in choosing the goal or the plan to achieve it

Question 27

slip

Answer 27

error in carrying out the intended plan

Question 28

what are the different linguistic levels of error?

Answer 28

sound/phoneme errors morpheme errors word errors

Question 29

types of word slips

Answer 29

``` spoonerism anticipation preservation addition deletion substituition blend ```

Question 30

spoonerism

Answer 30

swapping phonemes | ex. reading list >> leading rist

Question 31

anticipation

Answer 31

sounds that are anticipated in a sentence are duplicated beforehand ex. sun is in the sky >> sky is in the sky

Question 32

preservation

Answer 32

a sound at the beginning of a sentence is repeated at the end ex. beef noodle >> beef needle

Question 33

addition

Answer 33

a morpheme, phoneme, or word is added to a sentence | ex. to strain it >> to strained it

Question 34

deletion

Answer 34

taking out a morpheme, phoneme, or word from a sentence | ex. I just wanted to ask that... >> I just wanted to that...

Question 35

substitution

Answer 35

automatic replacement of a word | ex. Liszt's second Hungarian rhapsody >> Liszt's second Hungarian restaurant

Question 36

blend

Answer 36

combining two relevant words | ex. tennis athlete + tennis player = tennis athler

Question 37

syntactic category rule

Answer 37

nouns replace nouns, verbs replace verbs

Question 38

phonological rule

Answer 38

sound errors follow phonemic rules

Question 39

consonant-vowel rule

Answer 39

consonants replace consonants, vowels replace vowels

Question 40

lexical bias effect

Answer 40

a phonemic error is more likely to occur if the error results in a word than if it results in a non-word

Question 41

syntactic-phonological interaction

Answer 41

phonological errors are more likely when the error follows grammatical rules

Question 42

semantic-phonological interaction

Answer 42

phonological errors occur more often when the resulting word is related in meaning to the intended word

Question 43

spreading activation model

Answer 43

way to explain the lexical bias effect all connections are excitatory and bidirectional an editor is not present the most activated phoneme determines what will be uttered lexical bias occurs because of the residual phoneme activation from priming