Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

History of Psychology > Problem 9 > Flashcards

Problem 9 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards European History 101 flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards
1
Q

Correspondence theory of truth

Aristotle

A

States that truth is a property of a state and is achieved when the statement corresponds with the physical reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Scepticism

A

Deny the existence of a physical reality, but denies that we can have reliable knowledge of it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Augustine’s view on knowledge

A

According to him true knowledge was based on Gods revelations

–> adopted Aristotles logic + sought to reconcile it with christian theology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The rise of the scientific approach can be summarized as a shift in balance from … to … ?

A

Deductive to inductive reasoning

–> before the scientific revolution deductive reasoning was generally accepted (Plato, Aristotle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bacon proposed the inductionist approach.
He also warned not to search exclusively for positive evidence.

What did he propose instead ?

A

One should make use of 3 types of tables

  1. Essence + Presence
    - -> all instances in which the phenomenon is present
  2. Deviation/Absence in Proximity
    - -> comparing/matching the two tables
  3. Degrees or Comparison
    - -> instances in which the phenomenon is present in dif. degrees
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Starting from known statements, then deducing new conclusions

–> stressed in rationalism

ex.: children younger than 6 can’t speak
Hattie is 5
–> therefore Hattie can’t speak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Conclusions are drawn on the basis of convergent observations

  • -> conclusions aren’t necessarily true
  • -> stressed in empiricism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gradually natural philosophers started to argue that inductive reasoning could lead to conclusions as probable as truth if .. ?

A
  1. Facts were collected in large numbers + objectively
  2. Effects could be replicated
  3. Theories lead to new verifiable predictions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The fundamental antithesis of philosophy

(Whewell) + Comte

A

Stated that there is no clear distinction between observation + idea or fact + theory

–> they are closely connected and influence each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Demarcation Criteria

A

Refer to the lines that would define science + its borders

–> used to define the specificity of science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Philosophy of science

A

Refers to a branch of science dealing with questions related to the status + uniqueness of science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vienna Circle

Wiener Kreis

A

Was a group of scholars in Vienna that were logical positivists

–> found prominence with their publication of the “manifesto”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Logical positivism

A

Movement that tried to reconcile the practical success of sciences with the methodological cones formulated by philosophers

  • -> put forward important demarcation criterion
  • -> due to major criticism only had little impact
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

1929 Manifesto of the Vienna circle put forward important demarcation criterion.

Which were those ?

A
  1. Theres 2 types of truth: empirical + logical
  2. Empirical truths are established through EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION
  3. Logical truths are based on DEDUCTIVE REASONING
  4. Statement not belonging to one of the categories are meaningless
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Empirical verification

Verificationism

A

States that a proposition is only meaningful if it can be verified as true or false through objective + value-free observation

–> was seen as the demarcation criterion of science

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Criticisms on Empirical verification ?

A
  1. Verification is logically impossible
    - -> inductive reasoning
  2. Scientific theories are full of non observable variables
  3. Sometimes things aren’t observable until one knows how to search for them
  4. How should we define “observable” ?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between science + non-science ?

Popper

A

Science: Based on facts + constantly questions its explanations

e.g.: observations + verifications

Non-science: Based on ideas

e.g.: dogmas, prejudices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Falsificationism

Popper

A

States that statements are only scientific if they can be falsified empirically

–> a theory would therefore rule out a range of outcomes

ex.: if a researcher repeatedly tried to reject a theory and failed, this would be strong evidence for the correctness

=> alternative to verificationism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Hypothetico - deductive method

A

Refers to a method that involves a combination of inductive + deductive reasoning

  1. A theory is formulated, on the basis of inductive reasoning
  2. A testable prediction/Hypothesis is formulated, on the basis of deductive reasoning
    - -> to evaluate the correctness of theory
  3. Prediction is put to falsification test
    - -> provides new data from further theorizing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When does a theory reach high scientific status according to Popper ?

A

When the degree of falsifiability is high

–> the clearer + more precise a theory, the higher the status if it stands repeated falsification tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Conformation bias

A

The tendency people have to search for evidence that confirm their opinions

–> goes against falsificationism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Should theories be thrown away as soon as they are falsified ?

A

No,

–> often times it is better to adapt an existing, good theory so that is is no longer contradicted by the available empirical evidence

BUT: modified theories should become more falsifiable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ad hoc modifications

A

Refer to modifications that are not testable or made a theory less falsifiable

–> unacceptable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why is falsification a better criterion than verification ?

A

Because it is logically possible to falsify a statement based on inductive reasoning

–> the more falsifiable, the better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the different stage of Kuhns theory of scientific progress

A
  1. Pre science
    - -> discipline without a general theory
  2. Normal science
  3. Crisis
  4. Scientific revolution

=> all scientific knowledge is relative + time-dependent

26
Q

Stage of Normal science

A
  1. Theory is formed, which includes a paradigm
  2. Scientists solve puzzles within the paradigm + defend it
  3. Modifications have to stay within paradigm
27
Q

Stage of crisis

A
  1. Anomalies have accumulated in normal science + modifications become increasingly adhoc
  2. This triggered crisis
  3. Scientists are now more open to an alternative
28
Q

Scientific revolution

A

Occurs when an alternative to the old paradigm is found (paradigm shift)

  • -> DRP is replaced by the PRP
  • -> reason why scientific progress is not steady + cumulate
29
Q

Paradigm

A

Refers to a set of common views of what the discipline is about + how the problems must be approached

–> start of science

30
Q

Degenerative research programme (DRP)

A

Refers to a paradigm that doesn’t allow researchers to make new predictions

–> requires an increasing number of ad hoc modifications to account for the empirical findings

31
Q

Progressive research programme (PRP)

A

Refers to a paradigm that allows researchers to make new unexpected predictions that can be tested empirically

32
Q

Postmodernists

A

Movement that thought that science was in now way superior because it consists of social constructions made up by scientists

33
Q

Social construction

A

Notion that states that scientific knowledge isn’t objective knowledge discovering the workings of an external reality

–> rather a story told by a particular scientific community on the basis of its language and culture

34
Q

Pragmatism

Peirce

A

Human knowledge is info about how to cope with the world + arises from the interaction of the individual with the world

–> it arises from NEITHER realism nor idealism

35
Q

Why was the pragmatic view overlooked for a long time ?

A

Doesnt draw a distinction between scientific + non-scientific knowledge

e.g.: demarcation criterion

36
Q

George Boole

A

British mathematician/logician

  • -> came up with a mathematical approach to logic
  • -> developed the Binary system (Boolean logic) + “and”, “or”, “not” system
37
Q

Claude Elwood Shannon

A

Was a mathematician that came up with the idea that information is quantifiable

–> came up with the binary digit (bit), which is the basic unit of info

38
Q

John von Neumann

A

Mathematician that developed the computer model

–> wrote “The computer + the brain”

39
Q

Alan Turing

A

Developed the “Bombe” machine to encode/intercept the messages Nazi Germany exchanged via the “Enigma” machine

–> ultimately largely contributed to the early ending of the war

40
Q

Turing machine

A

It can describe any cognitive systems

–> this is where the brain-computer analogy arose

41
Q

Peirce differentiated between 4 separate methods of knowledge acquisition.

Which were those ?

A
  1. Methode of tenacity
    - -> holding assumptions + beliefs because they’ve been around for a long time
  2. Method of authority
    - -> forming opinions by consulting experts
  3. A priori method
    - -> using own logic to form opinions
  4. Scientific method
42
Q

How did the founders of psychology define the discipline ?

A

The study of the human mind with the Scientific method

–> claimed that as they used the scientific method it was science (Methodologism)

43
Q

Methodolatry/

Methodologism

A

The tendency to see methodological rigor as the only requirement for scientific research, at the expense of theory formation

44
Q

Why where people convinced that the scientific method was sufficient to make progress in psychology ?

Which where the factors that influenced the continued use of it ?

A

Science is …

  1. CUMULATIVE
  2. Stated in a way that its findings are UNDERSTANDABLE to anybody
  3. Able to PREDICT what will happen in the future
  4. REVISABLE
45
Q

Pseudoscience

A

Refers to a branch of knowledge that pretends to be scientific but violates the scientific method on essential aspects

46
Q

Does Psychology have relationship to other sciences ?

A

Yes,

It has strong links to 2 major areas (medicine + social sciences), therefore fully integrated within other scientific research

47
Q

Why is psychology commonly not seen as a science ?

A

Due to the stereotypical view people have of psychologists

  1. they are usually seen as clinical psychologists treating patients
  2. their view of psychologists usually don’t overlap with their views of scientists
  3. Belief that everybody can come up with psychological findings as thy are easy to understand/common sense
48
Q

What is the difference between a psychology researcher vs practitioner ?

A

Practitioners are merely users of scientific info, rather than creators of suck knowledge

–> never make use of the scientific method - only the others, therefore make use of their own intuition

49
Q

Hermeneutics

A

Psychological branch that thought that

  1. Psychology should stay within the humanities
  2. Psychologists should interpret + understand people by closely studying their personal history
  • -> rival of scientific method
  • -> method that is more in agreement with the publics view of psychology
50
Q

Dilthey distinguished between the “Naturwissenschaften” + “Geisteswissenschaften”.

For what reasons (4 elements) did Dilthey say that psychology belongs to the “Geisteswissenschaften” ?

A

Psychology deals with/should be dealing with

  1. CONTENT of the human mind
  2. Human EXPERIENCE in its totality
    ex. : cognition, emotion etc
  3. Human life within its CONTEXT
  4. UNDERSTANDING the human on three different levels

–> empathy, problem solving, hermeneutic level

51
Q

Why did Psychoanalysis (Freud) use the hermeneutic approach instead of the scientific one ?

A

Because this approach tried to understand the content of the human mind through interpretation

–> hence Diltheys approach was more useful

52
Q

Client centred approach

Rogers

A

Therapist should share the clients experiences but not interpret them

–> the role of the therapist is to be supportive not enlightening

=> alternative to Psychoanalysis

53
Q

What was the criticism on experimental psychology ?

A
  1. Neglect of individual differences, as one tries to understand the functioning of the “average” person
  2. Seen as the result of the dominance of white western males
    - -> feminist + postcolonial psychology
  3. Ignores influences from society
    - -> social construction
  4. Critical psychology
  5. Claims of objectivity + universal validity are exaggerated
54
Q

Humanistic psychology

Maslow + Rogers

A

Was a psychological movement that stressed that people are

  1. human
  2. inherently positive
  3. have free will + live in a socio-cultural context

–> alternative to psychoanalysis + behaviorism

55
Q

Feminist Psychology

A

Aimed to understand women

–> particularly concerned with the way in which women are treated in mainstream psychology

56
Q

Postcolonial Psychology

A

Adressed the issues of racism + the ways in which dominant groups treat other groups

57
Q

Critical psychology

A

Movement of psychology that criticized psychology for failing to understand that

  1. Idealism isn’t true
  2. Scientific knowledge isn’t cumulative but consists of social constructions
  3. Its theories + claims have an impact on the world/people
    - -> easily influence people
58
Q

Unconscious plagiarism

Bornstein

A

Indicates how the scientific + hermeneutic method have influenced each other without the proponents being aware of it

–> hermeneutic approach is need in psychology

59
Q

Probabilistic reasoning

Huygens

A

Determining how probable a theory was, given a series of observations

  • -> deals with the inversed probability problem
  • -> developed to defend the inductionist view
  • -> precursor of statistics
60
Q

Why should we trust in science ?

A

Trust in scientists is fundamental

–> can’t have science without trust

61
Q

Model of Mayer

A

A trustee should possess:

  2. BENEVOLENCE
    - -> acting in a beneficial interest for the truster
  3. INTEGRITY
    - -> Acting according to a set of rules acceptable to the truster
62
Q

Epimestic Truth

A

bla

History of Psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions