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History of Psychology > Problem 2 > Flashcards

Problem 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific revolution

A

Refers to the series of discoveries, that enhanced the status of science in the 17th century

–> involved Copernicus, Galilei, Descartes, Newton

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2
Q

Which were the 5 main revelations of the scientific revolution ?

A
  1. The earth is NOT the CENTRE of the universe
  2. Many things can be explained as MACHINES
  3. Many movements of the earth + universe can be described using simple MATHEMATICAL EQUATIONS
  4. Not all knowledge had been known in ancient times
    - -> awareness that there was still a lot to be discovered
  5. Scientific thinking should be based on EXPERIMENTATION
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3
Q

What lead to a renewed interest in the motions of the earth ?

A

The need for an improved calendar, which resulted in a replacement of the Julian calendar by the Gregorian calendar

–> the julian calendar underestimated the length of the year by 11 min

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4
Q

Geocentric universe

Aristotle, Ptolemy

A

A model of the universe in which the earth is at the centre

  • -> used to calculate Gregorian calendar
  • -> dominant until the 17th century
  • -> matched well with views of catholic church
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5
Q

What is the key problem of the Aristotelian/Geocentric Universe ?

A

The movement of the stars is not fixed as suggested.

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6
Q

Epicycles

A

Refer to small cycles made by the wandering stars in addition to their main orbit around the earth

–> solution to key problem

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7
Q 
Heliocentric model 
(Copernicus)
A

A model of the universe in which the sun is at the centre

  1. one turn if the earth around the sun takes a year
  2. earth spins around its axis in one day, causing the alternation of day, night + movement of fixed stars

–> Newtonian worldview is a refined version of this

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8
Q

Why did Copernicus wait to publish his model ?

A
  1. He was afraid of the response he’d get from the Catholic church which was his employer
  2. His evidence for his model wasn’t strong enough

–> he published it in 1543 shortly before his death

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9
Q

When did the Heliocentric model get a lot of impetus ?

A

When Galilei made his observations with his telescope and realized that the Heliocentric model was much more likely

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10
Q

Which observations did Galilei make with his telescope ?

A
  1. More stars in universe than visible to naked eyes
  2. Surface of the moon isn’t smooth
  3. Jupiter has 4 orbiting moons
  4. The distances of Mars and Venus to the earth change over time
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11
Q

How did the Catholic church respond to Galilei’s attempts to commercialize the Heliocentric model ?

A
  1. Galilei received warnings to stop defending this model + copernicus book was prohibited
  2. After in 1632 Galilei published a book where a character defends the model, he was summoned to rome to be put under house arrest for the rest of his life
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12
Q

Why did Galilei receive a particularly strong rebuttal from the Vatican ?

A
  1. It didn’t want to be seen as weak
  2. Galilei ridiculed the church in his book
  3. Not everyone in the church disagreed with Galilei’s views
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13
Q

Did the fact that Galilei was thrown in Jail lead to the fact that the Heliocentric model was simply forgotten ?

A

No,

it had the opposite effect,

  • -> rapidly dominated astronomy
  • -> this is why it is generally seen as the TURNING POINT in the advancement of SCIENCE
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14
Q

Galileo Galilei

A

Was an italian scholar of the 17th century who was famous for his contributions to

a) astronomy
b) physics
c) technology

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15
Q

Which factors contributed to the scientific revolution ?

A
  1. Demographic changes
  2. Absence of a repressive religion
  3. New inventions
  4. More availability of texts from the Greek + Arab civilizations
  5. Existence of Universities
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16
Q

How did DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES contribute to scientific revolution ?

A
  1. Europes population nearly halved, leading to new growth
  2. A new group called “Merchants” formed a link between the handworkers + the intellectual elite

–> closed the former gap and allowed those two groups to work together

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17
Q

How did the ABSENCE OF A REPRESSIVE RELIGION contribute to scientific revolution ?

A

The churches power/authority diminished due to

  1. 2 Popes being in office simultaneously
  2. Matin Luther starting the Protestant reformation
    - -> wich limited the impact of the actions against Galilei
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18
Q

Which NEW INVENTIONS contributed to scientific revolution ? How ?

A
  1. Bookprinting + Paper
    - -> more availability of info
  2. Mechanical clock
    - -> could be used for experiments
  3. Compass, Telescope, Microscope
    - -> ability to see things that hadn’t been visible to naked eye
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19
Q

How did UNIVERSITIES contribute to scientific revolution ?

A
  1. Provided a place for natural philosophers
  2. Conveyed the message that the pursuit of knowledge is important + necessary

–> BUT: criticized for being to conservative (scholastic method, old philosophical texts)

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20
Q

How did the SCRIPTS from GREEK + ARAB CIVILIZATIONS contribute to scientific revolution ?

A
  1. Translation of Archimedes books prepared the ground for the MATHEMATIZATION of the world
  2. Revelation that the world consists of atoms moving in space
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21
Q

According to Cohen, which factor leads to major breakthroughs ?

A

The interaction of two civilizations

–> this creates a fluidity + dynamism in which new ideas can grow

ex.: greek + roman civilizations

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22
Q

Which factors helped the growth of science ?

A
  1. Absence of disaster
    e. g.: wars etc.
  2. Protestant reformation
    - -> protestants encouraged to study science in addition to Bible
  3. Establishment of learned societies
    - -> place for natural ph. to meet regularly + share ideas
23
Q

Natural Philosopher

A

Term used for learned men interested in sciences, + later “men of science”

–> first called “scientists” in 1833

24
Q

Science

A

Was associated with knowledge that depended on reasoning

–> can be represented as either instrumentality or natural philosophy, not both simultaneously

25
Q

Aristotles + Platos view on scientific knowledge

A

Scientific knowledge cannot be built on observation alone because perception is

a) deceptive
b) volatile

26
Q

Descartes view on scientific knowledge

A

The divine soul had innate knowledge which could be made explicit by thinking

–> minimized the significance of sensory experiences (Perceptual mistrust)

27
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Was a natural philosopher

–> the adoption of his research methods was the reason why science became so successful from the 17th century

28
Q

Which were Bacons main notions ?

A
  1. The interaction between Perception + reasoning is required to provide progress
  2. OBSERVATION + INDUCTIVE reasoning are much more important in science than acknowledged by aristotle
29
Q

According to Bacon Observations have to be … ?

A
  1. Constantly accompanied by reasoning + understanding
  2. Systematic
  3. Supplemented by experimental histories
    - ->
30
Q

Experimenta Lucífera

A

Clarifying experiments to determine the true causes of phenomena

–> light bringing experiment (natural philosophy)

31
Q

How do observations + clarifying experiments result in deeper understandings according to Bacon ?

A

Natural philosophers go from PARTICULARS (observation) to AXIOMS (conclusion) which in turn will lead to new Particulars

32
Q

Axioms

A

Refers to a statement that is so evident or well-established, that it is accepted without controversy or question

33
Q

Crucial instance

A

Occurs when an observation or clarifying experiment may even decide between 2 alternative explanations

34
Q

Deductive reasoning

Rationalism

A

Refers to a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true

  • -> top-down logic
  • -> from general to specific
35
Q

Inductive reasoning

Empiricism

A

Starts from observation + tries to reach general conclusions on the basis of convergences in the observations

  • -> bottom-up logic
  • -> from specific to a general

ex.: used to make predictions

36
Q

In which way did Bacon criticize Aristotle ?

A
  1. Aristotle failed to integrate his observations + theoretical knowledge
  2. Observations should be used to formulate + evaluate axioms
37
Q

Natural History

A

The process of careful observation + formulation of lower and middle axioms through inductive reasoning

38
Q

Experimental History

A

Natural philosopher extracts the truth from nature by active manipulation + examining the consequences of the intervention

–> NO PASSIVE OBSERVATION

39
Q

Critical Experiment

Hooke

A

Experiment that was able to determine decisively whether a particular hypothesis or theory was better than its alternatives

40
Q

What were 5 positive outcomes of the industrial revolution ?

A
  1. Mechanical Devices increased the production of goods
  2. Longer life expectancy
  3. Better health
  4. More literate
  5. More knowledge about the world
41
Q

Which impact did science have on peoples standing in society ?

A

A scientific career became a means of upward mobility

–> individual capacities were more important than the class one came from

42
Q

What were the 3 factors that hindered historians awareness of the impact of science on society ?

A
  1. Historians did not feel much affinity with science
  2. Accumulation of scientific knowledge seemed like a slow process, with no exciting twists + turns
  3. Not clear whether the developments were steps forward or steps without a direction
43
Q

Why did science historians increase in importance ?

A
  1. Sarton - Founder of the “History of Science Society”
  2. Increased attractiveness of the topic due to the notion “Scientific revolution”

–> the term tended to bias peoples perception

44
Q

Core beliefs

A

Cannot be changed without a dramatic change

ex.: In Aristotles worldview the belief that the earth is the centre cannot be changed, because then his whole theory would crumble

45
Q

Periphery beliefs

A

Can easily be changed

ex.: In Aristotles worldview the belief that there are 5 Planets can easily be changed as it doesn’t affect his core beliefs/Theory

46
Q

In which way can the Aristotelian + Newtonian worldview be seen as a Jigsaw puzzle ?

A

All pieces of the puzzle/Core beliefs fit perfectly to form an interlocking, consisted system

–> BUT: Both beliefs differ as they have different core + periphery beliefs

47
Q

In which way can our own worldview be seen as a jigsaw puzzle ?

A

We hold onto our beliefs because it fits into a well established interlocking, consisted system (Jigsaw puzzle)

–> even though we only have direct evidence for a small number of our beliefs

48
Q

Instrumentality

A

The practical efficiency as evidence for the truth

  • -> theories are believed when they “work”
  • -> applying the knowledge provided by its natural philosophy
49
Q

Science

A

Refers to the mix of natural philosophy + instrumentality

–> can be represented being either, not both at the same time

Natural philosophy: Description of the natural world
Instrumentality: Account of how to do something

50
Q

Teleology

Aristotle

A

Behaviors in the natural world were made intelligible by understanding them as processes directed towards a goal

  • -> explanation of natural phenomena
  • -> basis for all of Aristoteles universe

ex.: a dog runs toward meat because he wants to eat

51
Q

What were Galileo, Descartes + Newtons views/explanations of natural phenomena ?

A

Mechanical explanation:

Everything in the world can be explained according to the mechanisms of a clock

–> found Teleology to make no sense and ridiculed it

52
Q

Descartes

A

Mechanistic view

–> said that there was a distinction between reality and appearance

53
Q

What are the 4 Characteristics of modern science ?

A
  1. Accepts no authority
  2. Experimental
  3. Mechanistic views

4 Mathematization of phenomenons

History of Psychology (9 decks)

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