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History of Psychology > Problem 8 > Flashcards

Problem 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was Platos view on where the soul is located ?

A

Thought the soul was divided into 3 parts, situated in the

  1. Brain
    - -> for reasoning, immortal
  2. Heart
    - -> for sensations, mortal
  3. Liver
    - -> for appetite
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2
Q

Galen

A

Was a greek physician that performed various operations on humans + animals to study the functions of various body parts

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3
Q

What was Galens view on where the soul is located ?

17th/18th century

A

Thought the soul

  1. resides in solid parts in the brain
  2. produces + stores animal spirits in the ventricles
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4
Q

Animal spirits

A

Refer to spirits that travel over the nerves between the ventricles in the brain + body

–> soul communicates by means of these spirits

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5
Q

Ventricles

A

Refer to apertures (Öffnung) in the middle of the brain which were thought to contain perceptions + thoughts

—> contains animals spirits

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6
Q

Differentiation of the vesicles

Renaissance

A
  1. Front vesicle receives info from senses
    - -> “common sense”/Perception
  2. Middle vesicle comprises thought + judgment
    - -> reasoning
  3. Back vesicle contains memory
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7
Q

What lead to an increased doubt in the existence of spirits in the nerves ?

A

Focus was turned to the solid parts of the brain, rather than the ventricles

–> led to the discovery of Grey + white matter, with grey matter involved in memory ( Thomas Willis)

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8
Q

Galens definition of “Reflex” , respectively explanation

A

He referred to the observed phenomenon as “sympathy” between the various body parts

–> one body part responds sympathetically to another distress

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9
Q

Descartes definition of “Reflex”, respectively explanation?

A

Said it consisted of a sensory impression which was rushed to the brain + subsequently reflected back into a motor command (like a mirror)

–> happens unconsciously

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10
Q

A series of breakthrough altered the model of brain functioning + made modern neurophysiology possible.

Which were the 5 big breakthroughs in the 19th century ?

A
  1. Discovery of the CEREBROSPINAL AXIS
  2. Growing impact of REFLEX
    - -> Reflex arc
  3. LOCALIZATION of brain functions
  4. Discovery of the NEURON
  5. Disentangling of COMMUNICATION between neurons
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11
Q

What did physicians find out abut the role of the cerebrospinal axis in the regulation of physical functions in the 19th century ?

A

Many bodily functions didn’t require the cerebral hemispheres

–> reflexes were mediated by the spinal cord, not hemisphere

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12
Q

Reflex arc

Hall

A

Refers to the mechanisms involved in involuntary movements elicited by sensory stimuli

  • -> Describes the processes underlying a reflex
  • -> made use of recent discovery of afferent+ efferent nerves
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13
Q

How did the “Reflex arc” impact further research + discoveries ?

A

Reflex arc was extended from the spinal cord to the complete brain

–> saying it is the basis of mental functioning (Sechenov, teacher of Pavlov)

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14
Q

Brain equipotentiality theory

Marie Jean Flourens + Müller

A

View that the brain functions as a whole with all parts having an equal significance

  • -> later proved wrong + replaced by localization theory
  • -> Holism
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15
Q

Localization theory

Gall + Spurzheim

A

States that mental functions are localized in specific parts of the brain

  • -> replaced the brain equipotentiality theory
  • -> Phrenology
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16
Q

Jean Baptiste Bouillard provided evidence for the fact that … ?

A

Language production is controlled by the front parts of the brain

–> first empirical evidence

17
Q

What did Paul Broca + Wernicke discover ?

A

That language production + comprehension is specifically controlled by the left frontal lobe

  • -> Brocas area
  • -> Wernickes area
18
Q

The availability of better microscopes + new techniques to stain brain tissues due to technical innovations in the 19th century lead to the discovery .. ?

A

… that the brain consists of a network of individual neurons that communicate with each other (Neuron Doctrine)

–> Golgi + Cajal

19
Q

How did Galvani find out that communication in the NS resembles the transmission of electrical signals ?

A

Noticed that a dissected leg of a frog contracted each time the assistant touched a bare nerve with his scalpel

20
Q

How did Reymond find out that nerve signals indeed involve electricity ?

A

By means of electric fishes + much improved techniques to measure small signals

–> in 20th century it was discovered that communication between nerve cells is achieved through neurotransmitters

21
Q

What did the examination of the bullet wounds in the WWs lead to ?

A

Provided physicians with better/ more detailed knowledge about the BEHAVIORAL consequences of brain injuries

ex.: Prosopagnosia, partial loss of vision after gun shot to neck

22
Q

Neuropsychology

A

Branch of psychological research, looking at the relationship between brain + behavior/mental state

  • -> understanding consequences of brain damage
  • -> increasingly took over the treatment of brain damaged patients
23
Q

What caused dissent among neuropsychologists ?

A
  1. Damage caused by brain injuries + strikes are usually widespread and not limited to one specific brain structure
  2. Results of the examinations really went beyond a list of symptoms displayed by various patients
24
Q

Cognitive Neuropsychology

1970s/80s

A

Research dealing with the consequences of brain injury for the information processing models proposed by the cognitive psychologists

–> aimed to find correlations between symptoms + dysfunctions in the brain

25
Q

Deep Dyslexia

A

Condition of strongly impaired reading after brain injury

–> not reading the word itself but a semantically related word

ex.: saying storm instead of thunder

=> one of the first topics to be addressed by cognitive neuropsychology

26
Q

One of the first techniques used to extract info from a working brain was “single-cell recording” which was invasive.

Which non invasive + more advanced techniques were proposed later on ?

A
  1. EEG
    - -> discovery of seizures, different sleep stages
  2. ERP
    - -> allows to look for differing signals as a function of characteristics of the stimulus
  3. MEG
    - -> better resolution
  4. PET
    - -> invasive
  5. fMRI
    - -> based on measurement of blood with + without oxygen
    - -> most popular

=> techniques show a correlation between brain activity + performance on a task

NOT: whether brain activity is necessary

27
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

Refers to the scientific study of the biological mechanisms underlying cognition, by using theories of CNP and try to find evidence for them by using brain imaging techniques

  • -> largely based on brain imaging techniques, TMS
  • -> created this new research field
28
Q

TMS

A

Refers to a stimulation if the brain to interfere briefly with the activity of a small region go the grey matter

–> to ascertain that the brain region is crucial for performance

29
Q

Cognitive neuropsychiatry

A

Subfield that tries to understand consequences of mental disorder in terms of breakdown within the cognitive models of normal psychological functioning

ex.: Delusions

30
Q

Delusions

A

Is a condition where one has strong beliefs that are not supported by empirical evidence

31
Q

Capgras delusion

A

Refers to a situation in which a person still recognizes close relatives but is convinced that they have been replaced by look alikes

32
Q

Freudian interpretation of delusion

A

States that delusional people adopt conflicting feelings towards relatives

  • -> these result in a dissociation between the absent loved persons + present hated look alikes
  • -> Ödipus complex
33
Q

Marie Jean Pierre Flourens

A

Best known critic of Gall

–> was opposed to localization theory because this divided the mind + brain into functionally distinct parts

=> thought soul was unitary (religious)

34
Q

Associationism/
Connectionism
(Wernicke)

A

Refers to a type of theorizing where language use was viewed in terms of associating representations in different brain centers

–> emphasis was put on the connections between the centers

BUT: The brain is also asymmetrical, Wernickes area only on left

35
Q

John Hughlings Jackson

A

Opposer of Connectionism

–> thought that the NS is hierarchal organized + is highly interactive as a whole

36
Q

Identifiability Problem

Anderson

A

Inferences of the Neuropsychologists are only indirect, making it impossible to identify unique cognitive processes

–> was solved by cognitive psychologists

37
Q

Arthur Wigan

A

Was a traveling doctor in the 19th century, who wrote the book “Duality of the mind” in his 60s

  • -> Thought that the brain consists of two separate halves, with own feelings + thoughts
  • -> corpus collosum being a division

–> each brain lives an independent life, which explains multitasking

38
Q

How did Wigan explain insanity ?

A

There is always one dominant half, which determines how mentally healthy we are

–> one hemisphere helps the other

39
Q

Sperry

A

Rediscovered Wigan 100 years later

–> discovered the distinct functions of each hemisphere

History of Psychology (9 decks)

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