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History of Psychology > Problem 7 > Flashcards

Problem 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Was a german neurologist who started psychological treatment of his patients

–> initiated Psychoanalysis

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2
Q

Psychological Treatment

Freud

A

Treatment of mental health problems consisting of conversations between the patient + therapist

  • -> uses introspection + case studies
  • -> alternative to medical + educational treatments

(Talking cure)

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3
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Refers to the name given to Freuds theory + therapy, that is based on the idea that :

Peoples actions are controlled by their unconscious mind

–> provided a coherent theory of Psychopathology

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4
Q

Case study

A

Refers to the intensive study of an individual patient within the context of his/her own world + relations

  • -> aims to understand + help the patient
  • -> used by Freud
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5
Q

In which way differs Freuds interpretation of Introspection from Wundt’s + James’ view ?

A

According to Freud the patients don’t have access to their own conscious drives

  1. Therefore, the therapist has to be attentive to occasional slips during the conversation
  2. The therapists then has to reinterpret the contents of the introspection according to the psychoanalytic theory
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6
Q

Psychopathology

A

Refers to the scientific study of mental disorders

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7
Q

Neurologist

A

Physicians who were interested in the treatment of milder forms of mental problems outside the asylum

  • -> specialists of the NS
  • -> Charcot was a forerunner, Freud one of the first
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8
Q

Asylum

16th century

A

Institutions for the insane, modeled after prisons, later after hospitals

–> aim was to re-educate them as good, productive members of society

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9
Q

Cathartic method

Breuer

A

Method by which the patient was hypnotized then asked to try to recall the first time she had experienced a physical sensation like one of her symptoms

  • -> revealed the long suppressed emotions
  • -> used to treat hysteria
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10
Q

Hysteria

A

Refers to a condition of emotional distress often accompanied by physical symptoms for which no origin could be found

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11
Q

Pathogenic ideas

A

Refer to memories of emotionally charged experiences that have been somehow “forgotten” + placed beyond the reach ordinary consciousness

–> are disease-producing

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12
Q

Why did Freud + Breuer refer to many hysterical symptoms as “conversions” ?

A

Emotional energy is conversed into physical energy (symptoms)

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13
Q

Franz Brentano

A

Friend of Freud from medical school, that promoted “Act psychology”

–> introduced young freud to psychology

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14
Q

Ernst Brücke

A

Director of the Universitys physiological institute + founder of the “New physiology”

–> rejected vitalism + sought mechanistic explanations for all organic phenomena

–> Freud worked for him

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15
Q

Theodor Meynert

A

Was a brain anatomist + teacher of Freuds

–> supported Freud for a traveling grant to work for Charcot in Paris

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16
Q

Why did Freud eventually open his own practice to treat patients with hysteria ?

A

After returning from Paris and having worked with Charcot, many of his views/theories were frowned upon, even by his former mentor Meynert

–> he decided to augment his income this way and sought to find a more WIDELY APPLICABLE SUBSTITUTE FOR HYPNOSIS in the cathartic method

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17
Q

Pressure technique

Freud

A
  1. Patients lay on a couch with their eyes closed like for hypnosis but were awake
  2. Asked to recall earliest experiences of their symptoms

–> if they failed to get to pathogenic ideas

  1. Therapist presses hand on forehead + confidently assures that further memories will follow
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18
Q

Free Association

Freud

A

Encouraging patients to let their thoughts run free + treating everything the patients report as potentially significant even if it might seem unimportant

–> more developed version of “Pressure technique”

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19
Q

Overdetermination

A

Occurs when a single-observed effect is determined by multiple causes, any one of which alone would be sufficient to account for (“determine”) the effect

–> there are more causes present than are necessary to cause the effect

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20
Q

Repression

A

Is evidence for the fact that pathogenic ideas have not simply been “forgotten”, but were willfully but unconsciously repressed

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21
Q

Intrapsychic conflict

A
  1. Suffering from the symptoms + wanting to cooperate

BUT

  1. Resisting the treatment unconsciously, because the emotional pain coming with a successful treatment is too much to bear

–> slows down the progress of the treatment

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22
Q

Seduction theory

Freud

A

All hysterics must have undergone sexual abuse as children

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23
Q

Defenses

A

Symptoms function as defenses against the pathogenic ideas

–> symptoms are unpleasant but less anxiety arising thanks the pathogenic ideas themselves

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24
Q

Manifest content

A

Refers to the consciously experienced content of a dream

–> symbolizes the latent content, but in a “safe” way, with the images being less distressing

25
Q

Latent content

A

Refers to the content that originally inspired the dream but which emerged in consciousness only after free association

–> dreamers will resist its uncovering, just like pathogenic ideas

26
Q

Dream work

A

Refer to the 3 processes that transform the series of latent thoughts/ideas into manifest content, while asleep

a) Displacement
b) Condensation
c) Concrete representation

27
Q

Displacement

A

Occurs when the psychic energy of the highly charged latent content is being displaced into the more neutral ideas of the related manifest content

28
Q

Condensation

A

Refers to the idea that two or more latent thoughts sometimes “condense” onto a single manifest dream image

–> related to overdetermination

29
Q

Concrete representation

A

Refers to the idea that the manifest content typically represents latent ideas by means of concretely experienced sensations/hallucinations

e.g.: real sounds, sights, feelings, etc.

30
Q

Primary processes

A

Refer to the unconscious mode of thought

  • -> characterized by the processes of the “Dream work”
  • -> explains seduction theory
31
Q

Secondary processes

A

Refer to the conscious mode of thought

32
Q

Fulfillment of wishes

A

All dreams represent some element of the fulfillment of wishes

–> contained by the latent content, event when the manifest content seems the opposite of a wish fulfillment

33
Q

What is are the differences/similarities between manifest dreams + hysterical symptoms ?

A
  1. Can both represent several unconscious ideas simultaneously with single images/symptoms
  2. Both give concrete representation to ideas through subjectively real sensory or physical experiences
    - -> created uncosciously + involuntarily

BUT:
Dreams are stimulated by latent WISHES
Symptoms are stimulated by sexual MEMORIES

34
Q

Oedipus complex

Freud

A

Refers to unconscious sexual desire, in young children, for the parent of the opposite sex and wish to exclude the parent of the same sex

  • -> Universal, emerges at the age of 5
  • -> never destroyed, just repressed
35
Q

Polymorphous perversity

A

Theory that stated that an infant is born in a state, where he/she is capable of taking sexual pleasure from the gentle stimulation of any part of the body

–> one then develops erogenous zones

36
Q

Erogenous zone

A

Areas where the infant experiences satisfaction + sensual pleasure

  1. Oral zone
  2. Anal zone
    - -> begins with toilet training, finding pleasure in voluntary control over bodily functions
  3. Genital zone
    - -> as there’s fuller control over ones body

=> children go through these stages to become “civilized”, by learning to control their sexual drives

37
Q

Latency stage

A

Characterized by positive feelings towards the same sex parent that dominate consciousness, facilitating a positive identification with the parent

  • -> results from repressed Oedipus complex
  • -> lasts until physical maturation of puberty
38
Q

Freudian character types

A

Develop as a result of differing emphasis on the 3 stages, due to fixation

–> Oral, Anal, Genital character

39
Q

Anal Character

A

Is orderly, parsimonious and obstinate

40
Q

Oral character

A

Is interested throughout life in “oral” activities

ex.: eating, drinking, smoking

41
Q

Genital character

A

Is relatively curious + competitive

42
Q

Transference feelings

A

Patients tend to transfer attributes of important people from their past lives, that are implicated in their symptoms, onto the therapist

–> become part of the resistance, thus hinder therapeutic progress

43
Q

Freuds Theory of Metapsychology

A

The human mind is constantly beset by 3 kinds of demands, that inevitably conflict with one another

–> the minds major function is to resolve the conflict

a) Instinct
b) External reality
c) Moral demands

44
Q

Instinct/

Wish

A

Demand that arises from within the body, in biologically based urges

ex.: need for warmth, nourishment, etc.

45
Q

External reality

A

Learning to manipulate the environment to

a) avoid physical dangers
b) obtain objects necessary to satisfy instincts

46
Q

Moral demands/

Conscience

A

Impinges on the mind independently of instincts + external reality

–> conscience conflicts with both wishes + reality

47
Q

ID

A

Refers to the repository of the unconscious impulses + energies from the INSTINCTS

48
Q

Pcpt.-cs./

External perception system

A

Conveys information about the EXTERNAL REALITY to the mind

–> produces immediate consciousness + leaves behind memories

49
Q

Superego

A

Refers to a separate agency within the psyche, which is where MORAL DEMANDS arise

50
Q

Ego

A

Receives all the differing demands by the

a) external perception system
b) superego
c) ID

then sorts them out to achieve a sort of COMPROMISE among them

51
Q

What are common Defense mechanisms ?

A
  1. Displacement
  2. Projection
  3. Intellectualization
  4. Denial
  5. Rationalization
  6. Identification
52
Q

Projection

A

Occurs when one doesn’t directly acknowledge ones unacceptable impulses but reverses the bus by attributing them to someone’s instead

–> den Fehler bei jemand anderem suchen

53
Q

Intellectualization

A

Impulse- and emotion-charged subject is directly approached, but in a strictly intellectual manner that avoids emotional involvement

54
Q

Denial

A

Occurs when a person believes + behaves as if an instinct driven event had never occurred

55
Q

Rationalization

A

Occurs when people act because of one motive but explain the behavior on the basis of another

ex.: spanking a child, then saying it was for its own good

56
Q

What was Watsons attitude towards Psychoanalysis ?

A

Its was always paradoxical + ambivalent

–> first tried to explain in terms of the CONCEPT OF HABIT
Jungs association method + James habit theory

–> then in terms of classical CONDITIONING
“Little Albert”

–> then emerged as an ANTI-FREUDIAN, primarily to introduce Behaviorism

57
Q

In which way did Freud influence Watsons work on Behaviorism ?

A

Some key concepts that he now describes as behavioristic had been assimilated from psychoanalysis into behaviorism

–> transference, dreams, wishfulfillment + the unconscious, etc were used to create own concepts

ex.: Theory of emotional development

58
Q

Watsons “Little Albert” experiment in relation to Freud

A

Was inspired by Freuds ideas about emotional development of personality

–> but decided to use behavioral observations which to him were more scientific

–> confirmed Freuds prediction that affect can be transferred from one object to another

History of Psychology (9 decks)

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