Problem 9

Question 1

factorial design

Answer 1

each independent variable is referred to as a factor; factorial designs include at least two factors; each factor will include at least two levels

Question 2

main effect

Answer 2

each effect of an independent variable on a dependent variable averaged across the levels of any other independent variable

Question 3

interaction

Answer 3

when effect of one independent variable changes depending on the level of the other independent variable

Question 4

simple main effect

Answer 4

in two-factor design; effect of one independent variable at a given level of the other one

Question 5

quasi-experimental design

Answer 5

experimental design but use quasi-independent rather than true independent variables

Question 6

time-series designs

Answer 6

make several observations before the treatment and several after

Question 7

interrupted time series design

Answer 7

chart changes in behavior as a function of some naturally occurring event rather than manipulate an independent variable

Question 8

equivalent time samples design

Answer 8

administer and withdraw treatment repeatedly (appropriate when effects of treatment are temporary/transient)

Question 9

nonequivalent control group design

Answer 9

include time series along with a control group so comparable group subject is observed for the same period

Question 10

pretest-posttest designs

Answer 10

pre-test before treatment and post-test after to evaluate effect of some change in environment

Question 11

Solomon four-group design

Answer 11

by eliminating the pre-test you can determine whether the inclusion of it alters the effect of the treatment and you get a simple two-group design

Question 12

single subject design

Answer 12

expose single subject repeatedly to different treatment and then average across exposures within each treatment

Question 13

baseline design

Answer 13

individual subjects are observed under each of several conditions and multiple observations of a target behavior are recorded in one phase before the next

Question 14

baseline phase

Answer 14

assess behavior in the absence of the treatment

Question 15

intervention phase

Answer 15

assess behavior during application of the the treatment

Question 16

intrasubject replication

Answer 16

each subject observed under all treatment phases

Question 17

intersubject replication

Answer 17

multiple subjects –> generality of findings

Question 18

systematic replications

Answer 18

double checking findings while looking at aspects of the original experiment & adding new ideas

Question 19

direct replication

Answer 19

replicating/double checking original study exactly

Question 20

drifting baseline

Answer 20

impossible to stabilize baseline against slow, systematic changes

Question 21

unrecoverable baseline

Answer 21

baseline levels of performance can’t be recovered (carryover effect)

Question 22

unequal baseline

Answer 22

baseline differs for every subject, even though they were in same condition

Question 23

inappropriate baseline levels

Answer 23

particular levels obtained may not be useful for evaluating the effect of subsequent manipulation

Question 24

multifactor design

Answer 24

manipulate two or more independent variables

Question 25

multiple baseline design

Answer 25

measure several dependent variables

Question 26

changing criterion design

Answer 26

systematically change stability criterion to start new baseline