Problem 7

Question 1

causal relationship

Answer 1

changes in the value of one variable directly or indirectly causes changes in the value of the second

Question 2

correlational relationship

Answer 2

two variables simply change values together and may or may not influence one another, measures only linear association, bidirectional/unidirectional

Question 3

correlational research

Answer 3

determine whether two (or more) variables covary and, if so, to establish the directions, magnitudes, and forms of the observed relationships; non-experimental research

Question 4

third-variable problem

Answer 4

possibility that a third, unmeasured variable influences both observed variables in such a way as to produce the correlation between them

Question 5

directionality problem

Answer 5

if two variables are causally related, correlational designs cannot determine in which direction the causal arrow points

Question 6

predictor variable

Answer 6

used to make predictions

Question 7

experimental research

Answer 7

strong control over variables, allow you to establish whether variables are causally related

Question 8

experimental groups

Answer 8

receives the experimental treatment

Question 9

control group

Answer 9

is treated identically except that it does not receive the treatment

Question 10

demonstration

Answer 10

type of non-experimental design, resembles an experiment, lacks manipulation of an independent variable; useful for showing what sorts of behaviors occur under specific conditions, but cannot identify relationships among variables

Question 11

confounding variable

Answer 11

varies along with your independent variable

• -> damages internal validity
• -> not able to establish causal relationship between independent & dependent variable
• -> experimenter bias; avoid with blind technique

Question 12

quasi-independent variable

Answer 12

correlational variable that resembles an independent variable in an experiment

Question 13

cross-sectional design

Answer 13

select several participants from each of a number of age groups

Question 14

generation effect

Answer 14

influence of generational differences in experience, which become confounded with the effects of age per se –> is confounding = threat to internal validity

Question 15

longitudinal design

Answer 15

single group of participants is followed over some time period

Question 16

cross-generational effects

Answer 16

conclusion drawn from the longitudinal study of a particular generation may not apply to another generation

Question 17

subject mortality

Answer 17

loss of subjects from the research over time

–> threats to external validity

Question 18

multiple-observation effect

Answer 18

multiple observations of same participants over time

Question 19

cohort-sequential design

Answer 19

combines the two developmental designs and lets you evaluate the degree of contribution made by factors such as generation effects

Question 20

Simpson’s paradox

Answer 20

association or comparison that holds for all of several groups can reverse direction when the data are combined to form a single group

Question 21

aggregating data

Answer 21

we ignore variable which then become lurking variables

Question 22

confounding

Answer 22

two variables’ effects on response variable can’t be distinguished from each other; confound variable: explanatory/independent variable, lurking variable, both

Question 23

conceptual confound

Answer 23

overlapping measurements of cause & consequence (variable)

Question 24

extraneous variable

Answer 24

all variables other than the specific variables that are studied, only becomes confound if it systematically varies with the two variables that are studied

Question 25

common-response

Answer 25

changes in response and explanatory variable are caused by changes in lurking variables; lurking variable Z explains association

Question 26

mediator variable

Answer 26

A –> D –> C

Question 27

moderator variable

Answer 27

relationship between A and B differs according to the values of E; variable moderates the relationship between two other variables, acting like a gate

Question 28

placebo control group

Answer 28

condition in which participants receive a placebo instead of the actual treatment

Question 29

manipulation check

Answer 29

additional measure to assess how the participants perceived & interpreted the manipulation and/or to assess the direct effect of the manipulation

Question 30

quasi experiment

Answer 30

tries to establish a causal relation between one variable and another; does not directly manipulate a variable but tries to isolate a causal influence by selection rather than manipulation

Question 31

covariation

Answer 31

two variables are associated

Question 32

precedence

Answer 32

the causal variable precedes the effect variable

Question 33

matching

Answer 33

divide variable with much influence equally over groups

Question 34

blocking

Answer 34

limited population = keep suspected confounder constant (only test women)

Question 35

criterion variable

Answer 35

value is being predicted