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Method and Techniques > Problem 1 > Flashcards

Problem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

basic research

A

acquire general information about a phenomenon, no real-world examples

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2
Q

applied research

A

generate information that can be applied directly to a real-world problem

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3
Q

confirmation bias

A

human tendency to seek out information that confirms what is already believed

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4
Q

scouting

A

systematic research

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5
Q

trapping

A

identify factors that might effect the behavior

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6
Q

protoscience

A

science at the edges of current scientific understanding, issues and phenomena at the fringes of established science, potential to develop into true science

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7
Q

true science

A

use of scientific method to get information

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8
Q

non-science

A

lack of empirical test

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9
Q

pseudoscience

A

false science, theories put forth as scientific when they are not scientific, failures are ignored, results can’t be reproduced

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10
Q

scientific explanations

A

explanations based in the application of accepted scientific methods

  • empirical: based on evidence, objective
  • testable: should be verifiable
  • parsimonious: fewest number of assumptions/ hypotheses
  • genreal & positive
  • tentative/ falsifiable: fail to confirm
  • rigorously evaluated
  • connected with prior research
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11
Q

common-sense explanations

A

based on our own sense of the true world around us

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12
Q

belief-based explanations

A

based on belief are accepted, come from trusted source

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13
Q

pseudo-explanations

A

provide an alternative label for behavioral event

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14
Q

circular explanation/tautology

A

does not provide a true explanation but another label (instinct) for a class of observed behavior (aggression)

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15
Q

method of authority

A

use information from sources you perceive to be expert

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16
Q

rational method

A

depends on logical reasoning

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17
Q

scientific method

A

4 cyclical steps that you can repeatedly execute as you pursue the solution to scientific problem

  1. observing a phenomenon; induction: from specific observation to general statement
  2. formulating tentative explanations or statements of cause and effect; deduction: from general statement to specific predictions
  3. further observing to experimenting; trapping; design a research
  4. refining and retesting the explanations, more specific hypothesis
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18
Q

pilot study

A

miniature version of your study

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19
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative explanation for observation that can be retested

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20
Q

theory

A

plausible, scientifically acceptable explanation of some aspect in natural world

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21
Q

law

A

empirically verified, quantitative relationship between two or more variables

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22
Q

model

A

refers to a specific implementation of a more general theoretical view

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23
Q

mechanistic explanation

A

describes the mechanism (physical components), the chain of cause and effect

24
Q

functional explanation

A

describes an attribute of something (such as physical attractiveness) in terms of its function

25
Q

quantitative theory

A

defines the relationship between its variables and constants in a set of mathematical formulas

26
Q

qualitative theory

A

stated in a verbal rather than mathematical terms, importance & interaction of variables

27
Q

descriptive theory

A

describes a relationship

28
Q

analogical theory

A

explains a relationship through analogy

29
Q

fundamental theory

A

model an underlying reality that produces the observed relationships among variables; more fundamental description of reality

30
Q

roles of theories in science

A

understanding, prediction, organizing & interpreting research results, generating research

31
Q

confirmational strategy

A

looking for confirmation of the theory’s predictions

32
Q

disconfirmational strategy

A

determine whether unexpected outcomes occurred

33
Q

strong inference

A

tested theory can rule out other theories, which don’t have to be tested again, only one alternative should remain

34
Q

population

A

all people

35
Q

sample

A

small, selected subgroup

36
Q

generalization

A

apply findings from sample to larger population

37
Q

random sampling

A

same chance of being chosen for every person in population

38
Q

non-random sampling

A

individuals from specialized subpopulations; e.g. students

39
Q

volunteer bias

A

volunteers differ from non-volunteers:

more educated, higher intelligence, more social
–> threats to internal validity
using volunteer participants, can’t generalize results to population
–> threat to external validity

40
Q

laboratory research

A

conduct research in laboratory setting

41
Q

field research

A

select your participants while they are in their natural environment

42
Q

role playing

A

participants are fully informed about the nature of the research & asked to act as they were subjected to a particular treatment condition

43
Q

informed consent

A

informing participants about research

44
Q

demand characteristics

A

knowing what study is about, behave like you think you should behave

45
Q

anonymity

A

you must assure your participants that they cannot be identified as participants in your study

46
Q

confidentiality

A

you guarantee the security of their responses

47
Q

debriefing

A

explain methods used in study

48
Q

dehoaxing

A

convince participants that deception was necessary

49
Q

Nuremberg code

A

laid the ground-work for many of the current ethical standards for psychological and medical research

50
Q

declaration of Helsinki

A

researchers obligated to protect the health, welfare and dignity of research participants

51
Q

the Belmont Report

A

three basic principles of ethical treatment of human participants –> respect for persons, beneficence, justice

52
Q

APA Ethical Guidelines

A

specify ethical responsibilities of psychologists and researchers Government Regulations: Health & Human Services guidelines for the protection of human subjects

53
Q

institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

A

guide for the care and use of laboratory animals

54
Q

fraud

A

dishonest research, potential to harm participants, damages the credibility of science and its findings

  • fabrication of data: altering data to look better, selecting only the best data
  • falsification: manipulation of research material
  • plagiarism: steal others’ ideas
  • -> need for success, publish, money = trains scientists
55
Q

theory-driven

A

theory –> observation (induction)

56
Q

data-driven

A

observation –> hypothesis (deduction)

Method and Techniques (6 decks)

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