Problem 1

Question 1

basic research

Answer 1

acquire general information about a phenomenon, no real-world examples

Question 2

applied research

Answer 2

generate information that can be applied directly to a real-world problem

Question 3

confirmation bias

Answer 3

human tendency to seek out information that confirms what is already believed

Question 4

scouting

Answer 4

systematic research

Question 5

trapping

Answer 5

identify factors that might effect the behavior

Question 6

protoscience

Answer 6

science at the edges of current scientific understanding, issues and phenomena at the fringes of established science, potential to develop into true science

Question 7

true science

Answer 7

use of scientific method to get information

Question 8

non-science

Answer 8

lack of empirical test

Question 9

pseudoscience

Answer 9

false science, theories put forth as scientific when they are not scientific, failures are ignored, results can’t be reproduced

Question 10

scientific explanations

Answer 10

explanations based in the application of accepted scientific methods

• empirical: based on evidence, objective
• testable: should be verifiable
• parsimonious: fewest number of assumptions/ hypotheses
• genreal & positive
• tentative/ falsifiable: fail to confirm
• rigorously evaluated
• connected with prior research

Question 11

common-sense explanations

Answer 11

based on our own sense of the true world around us

Question 12

belief-based explanations

Answer 12

based on belief are accepted, come from trusted source

Question 13

pseudo-explanations

Answer 13

provide an alternative label for behavioral event

Question 14

circular explanation/tautology

Answer 14

does not provide a true explanation but another label (instinct) for a class of observed behavior (aggression)

Question 15

method of authority

Answer 15

use information from sources you perceive to be expert

Question 16

rational method

Answer 16

depends on logical reasoning

Question 17

scientific method

Answer 17

4 cyclical steps that you can repeatedly execute as you pursue the solution to scientific problem

1. observing a phenomenon; induction: from specific observation to general statement
2. formulating tentative explanations or statements of cause and effect; deduction: from general statement to specific predictions
3. further observing to experimenting; trapping; design a research
4. refining and retesting the explanations, more specific hypothesis

Question 18

pilot study

Answer 18

miniature version of your study

Question 19

hypothesis

Answer 19

tentative explanation for observation that can be retested

Question 20

theory

Answer 20

plausible, scientifically acceptable explanation of some aspect in natural world

Question 21

law

Answer 21

empirically verified, quantitative relationship between two or more variables

Question 22

model

Answer 22

refers to a specific implementation of a more general theoretical view

Question 23

mechanistic explanation

Answer 23

describes the mechanism (physical components), the chain of cause and effect

Question 24

functional explanation

Answer 24

describes an attribute of something (such as physical attractiveness) in terms of its function

Question 25

quantitative theory

Answer 25

defines the relationship between its variables and constants in a set of mathematical formulas

Question 26

qualitative theory

Answer 26

stated in a verbal rather than mathematical terms, importance & interaction of variables

Question 27

descriptive theory

Answer 27

describes a relationship

Question 28

analogical theory

Answer 28

explains a relationship through analogy

Question 29

fundamental theory

Answer 29

model an underlying reality that produces the observed relationships among variables; more fundamental description of reality

Question 30

roles of theories in science

Answer 30

understanding, prediction, organizing & interpreting research results, generating research

Question 31

confirmational strategy

Answer 31

looking for confirmation of the theory's predictions

Question 32

disconfirmational strategy

Answer 32

determine whether unexpected outcomes occurred

Question 33

strong inference

Answer 33

tested theory can rule out other theories, which don't have to be tested again, only one alternative should remain

Question 34

population

Answer 34

all people

Question 35

sample

Answer 35

small, selected subgroup

Question 36

generalization

Answer 36

apply findings from sample to larger population

Question 37

random sampling

Answer 37

same chance of being chosen for every person in population

Question 38

non-random sampling

Answer 38

individuals from specialized subpopulations; e.g. students

Question 39

volunteer bias

Answer 39

volunteers differ from non-volunteers: more educated, higher intelligence, more social --> threats to internal validity using volunteer participants, can't generalize results to population --> threat to external validity

Question 40

laboratory research

Answer 40

conduct research in laboratory setting

Question 41

field research

Answer 41

select your participants while they are in their natural environment

Question 42

role playing

Answer 42

participants are fully informed about the nature of the research & asked to act as they were subjected to a particular treatment condition

Question 43

informed consent

Answer 43

informing participants about research

Question 44

demand characteristics

Answer 44

knowing what study is about, behave like you think you should behave

Question 45

anonymity

Answer 45

you must assure your participants that they cannot be identified as participants in your study

Question 46

confidentiality

Answer 46

you guarantee the security of their responses

Question 47

debriefing

Answer 47

explain methods used in study

Question 48

dehoaxing

Answer 48

convince participants that deception was necessary

Question 49

Nuremberg code

Answer 49

laid the ground-work for many of the current ethical standards for psychological and medical research

Question 50

declaration of Helsinki

Answer 50

researchers obligated to protect the health, welfare and dignity of research participants

Question 51

the Belmont Report

Answer 51

three basic principles of ethical treatment of human participants --> respect for persons, beneficence, justice

Question 52

APA Ethical Guidelines

Answer 52

specify ethical responsibilities of psychologists and researchers Government Regulations: Health & Human Services guidelines for the protection of human subjects

Question 53

institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC)

Answer 53

guide for the care and use of laboratory animals

Question 54

fraud

Answer 54

dishonest research, potential to harm participants, damages the credibility of science and its findings - fabrication of data: altering data to look better, selecting only the best data - falsification: manipulation of research material - plagiarism: steal others' ideas - -> need for success, publish, money = trains scientists

Question 55

theory-driven

Answer 55

theory --> observation (induction)

Question 56

data-driven

Answer 56

observation --> hypothesis (deduction)