Problem 3

Question 1

variables for a study

Answer 1

research tradition, theory, availability of equipment & techniques

Question 2

reliability

Answer 2

ability to produce similar results when repeated; reliability of

1. physical measure: physical variables
2. Population estimates: opinion, attitude; problem of estimating average
3. judgements: degree of agreement among observers (interrater reliability)
4. psychological test: correlation between scores

Question 3

test-retest reliability

Answer 3

same test twice, long time in between

Question 4

parallel-forms reliability

Answer 4

parallel rest as second test –> less reliable

Question 5

split-half reliability

Answer 5

2 parallel forms in one single test

Question 6

accuracy

Answer 6

measure that produces results that agree with known standards

Question 7

validity

Answer 7

extent to which it measures what you intend to measure

Question 8

face validity

Answer 8

how well a measure instrument appears to what it was designed to measure

Question 9

content validity

Answer 9

how adequately the content of a test is

Question 10

ecological validity

Answer 10

measures what people done in real life

Question 11

criterion related validity

Answer 11

how adequately a test score can be used to infer an individuals value on some criterion measure

• -> concurrent validity = scores of two measure test at the same time correlate?
• -> predictive validity = score predicts related behavior in the future?

Question 12

construct validity

Answer 12

test measures underlying theoretical construct?

high: participants who score high on the test also behave as predicted by the theory

Question 13

range effect

Answer 13

occurs when values of a variable have upper or lower limit

• -> floor effect = decrease of mean, task too difficult
• -> ceiling effect = increase of mean, task too easy

Question 14

behavioral measures

Answer 14

record behavior: frequency, latency, number of errors

Question 15

physiological measures

Answer 15

blood pressure, heart rate

Question 16

self-report measure

Answer 16

rating scales, reliability & validity problems (demand characteristics, cooperative attitude, negative attitude, social desirability)

Question 17

implicit measures

Answer 17

measures attitude, prejudice –> not under conscious control

Question 18

measurement error

Answer 18

1. systematic measurement error (bias): questions are formulated wrongly, low validity
2. random measurement error: person is tired, distracts, bad day (environment), low validity & reliability

Question 19

experimenter bias

Answer 19

behavior of experimenter influences results

Question 20

expectancy effect

Answer 20

threats to internal and external validity

• -> single-blind technique = experimenter does not know which experimental condition a subject had been assigned to
• -> double-blind technique = experimenter & participant don’t know what they are assigned to
• -> automating experiment

Question 21

frequency method

Answer 21

record number of times that behavior occurs in period

Question 22

duration method

Answer 22

record how long behavior lasts

Question 23

interval method

Answer 23

record if behavior occurs in different time periods

Question 24

time sampling

Answer 24

scan group for a specific time period

Question 25

individual sampling

Answer 25

observe single subject for a given period

Question 26

event sampling

Answer 26

record one behavior

Question 27

recording

Answer 27

record behavior on video tape and analyze it later

Question 28

observer bias

Answer 28

observer knows goal of study

Question 29

open-ended items

Answer 29

participants respond in own words

Question 30

restricted items

Answer 30

limited number of respond alternatives

Question 31

partially open-ended

Answer 31

“other” category as possible answer

Question 32

independent variable

Answer 32

manipulated during experiment

–> explanatory variable = explains, causes changes in response variable

Question 33

dependent variable

Answer 33

can’t be manipulated

–> response variable = measures outcome of the study explains