Problem 8

Question 1

between-subjects design

Answer 1

each treatment is administered to a different group of subjects

Question 2

single-factor randomized-groups designs

Answer 2

assign subjects to different groups, expose each group to a different level of your independent variable, while otherwise treating them as alike as possible

• -> randomized two-group design = two groups with different treatment, comparing the means of the results
• -> randomized multigroup design = add one or more levels of independent variable ( at least 3 different groups)

Question 3

matched-groups designs

Answer 3

matched sets of subjects (same characteristics) distributed randomly, one subject per group

Question 4

matched-pairs design

Answer 4

matched-groups equivalent to the randomized two-group design

Question 5

matched-multigroup designs

Answer 5

same approach used in matched-pairs design extended to more complex designs with multiple levels of a single factor or multiple factors

Question 6

within-subjects design

Answer 6

a single group of subjects is exposed to all of the treatments

Question 7

single-factor two-level design

Answer 7

includes two levels of a single independent variable; all subjects receive both levels of variable, but half the subjects receive treatments in opposite order

Question 8

single-factor multilevel design

Answer 8

single group of subjects is exposed to three or more levels of a single independent variable

Question 9

carryover effects

Answer 9

when a treatment alters the behavior observed in a subsequent treatment; previous treatment changes the subject & changes carry over into the subsequent treatment & alter how the subject performs in it

Question 10

counterbalancing

Answer 10

assign various treatments of the experiment in a different order for different subjects to distribute any carryover equally across treatments so that it does not produce differences in treatment means that could be mistaken for an effect of the independent variable

Question 11

error variance

Answer 11

variability among scores caused by variables other than your independent variables; subjects & environmental conditions are not absolutely constant; affects your ability to determine the effectiveness of your independent variable

Question 12

mixed design

Answer 12

type of factorial design that combines between-subjects and within subjects factors; allows you to assess the effects of variables that, because of irreversible effete or carryover, cannot be manipulated effectively within subjects