problem 7 Flashcards
1
Q
What is precocious puberty?
A
- when puberty onsets early (before 8 in girls, before 9 in boys). Happens more often in girls than boys
2
Q
What are the psychological effects of early puberty in boys?
A
- more self-confidence
- successful relationships with peer
- riskier behaviour
- psychological stress
- more likely to suffer from depression
3
Q
What are the psychological effects of late puberty in boys?
A
- positive self-identity by 30
- negative self-image in puberty
- depressed mood
4
Q
What are the psychological effects of early puberty in girls?
A
- risky behaviour
- not popular with peers
- low self-confidence
- less satisfied with learning
- early sex and marriage
- less chance of finishing studies
4
Q
What are the psychological effects of late puberty in girls?
A
- lively, social, leaders at school
- psychological stability, more stable relationships
- more self-confidence
5
Q
What are the effects of culture on puberty?
A
- later puberty in places where there’s worse healthcare and nutrition
- physical changes are universal
6
Q
What are primary and secondary sexual characteristics?
A
- primary sexual characteristics are the reproductive organs
- secondary sexual characteristics are everything related to sexuality, but not reproductive organs
7
Q
What is menarche and anovulatory menstruation?
A
- menarche: the first occurrence of menstruation (around 12 years old), caused by hormonal changes and increase in body fat
- anovulatory menstruation: when during the first year after getting a period it is possible to have it, but not ovulate (thus unable to get pregnant)
8
Q
What is the role of pituitary glands?
A
- responsible for hormone secretion
9
Q
What are gonadotropins and androgens and examples of both?
A
- gonadotropins: stimulate development of glands in testes and ovaries that secrete sex hormone
- estrogens: stimulates female puberty
- androgens: group of hormones that are primarily responsible for the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics
- testosterone: vital role in the development and maintenance of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics
10
Q
What emotional changes take place during puberty?
A
- higher levels of hormones = more negative emotions and less emotionally stable.
- the sleep is delayed by an hour. Affects mood and performance in school
11
Q
What cognitive changes take place during puberty?
A
- increase in capacity for abstract, critical thinking, better decision-making, and logical thinking
- better at planning, become more independent
12
Q
What is thinning and synaptogenesis?
A
- synaptogenesis process in which all connections are established between neurons
- thinning: a decline of thickness in outer layers of the brain, plays role in information processing
13
Q
What developments take place in the brain during puberty?
A
- change takes place in motor functions and frontal lobes
- corpus callosum increases, allows better information processing
- there is more myelin around axons, so mental speed increases
- brain plasticity increases during adolescence
- development of amygdala
- pruning: removing of synapses
14
Q
What is hot cognitions?
A
- the reduction of capacity in decision-making due to the influence of peers
