problem 6

Question 1

What are these 3 major components of morality (affective, cognitive, behavioural)?

Answer 1

• affective: the emotional part
  
  • if children is securely attached to warm, responsive parents (mutually responsive relationships), then children are more likely to display committed compliance (eagerness to cooperate with parents and rules)
  • situational compliance: when children comply based solely on the situation and the power a parent has in that situation
• cognitive: reasoning
  
  • social experience (peer interactions) and education level impact cognitive growth
• behavioural: our actions
  
  • social behaviours: behaviour is believed to be a result of operant conditioning (reinforcement and punishment) and timing; they are influenced strongly by the situation (individuals are not consistent in their behaviours)

Question 2

What does Bandura claim on morality?

Answer 2

• define morality by their ability to resist temptations
• we learn through observation, reinforcement, and punishment

Question 3

What are these 3 types of parenting punishment (love withdrawal, power assertion, induction)?

Answer 3

• love Withdrawal (taking away affection)
• power Assertion (harsh punishment)
• induction (explaining through reasoning)
  
  • induction is the most effective (led to more mature moral reasoning), while power assertion was least effective (has the potential to be too destructive)

Question 4

What are the impacts of education on the development of morality?

Answer 4

• children need to actively take part in moral reasoning processes as opposed to simply listening to them
• clarification, important to encourage kids to define their values
• service learning: promotes social responsibility through the service of community

Question 5

What happens in Piaget’s 3 stages of moral development?

Answer 5

• premoral period (0-5 years old)
  
  • little respect for rules
• heteronomous morality (5-10 years old)
  
  • rules are set in place, moral absolutes, immanent Justice
  • the punishment does not need to be related to the action (expiatory punishment)
• autonomous morality (10-11 years old)
  
  • rules are agreements that can be challenged and changed with the consent of others
  • favour punishments related to the action (reciprocal punishment)
  • children no longer believe in immanent justice

Question 6

What are the criticisms of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 6

• he underestimated children’s moral reasoning abilities
• theory lacks information regarding future development

Question 7

What is the general idea of Kohlberg’s theory?

Answer 7

• Doesn’t believe in the development as per ages, but more as per your personal reasoning and focuses more on the individual

Question 8

What are the two stages in the preconventional morality level?

Answer 8

• stage 1: Obedience & Punishment (focus on the consequences)
• stage 2: Individualism & Exchange (naive hedonism, children are motivated by self-interest, focus on the risks and rewards involved following their actions)

Question 9

What are the two stages in the conventional morality level?

Answer 9

• stage 3: Good social relationships/’Good Boy’ or ‘Good Girl’ Orientation (living up to social expectations, focus on empathy + love + trust + motives of people in general)
• stage 4: Social-Order-Maintaining Morality (concern with society as a whole, thinking about consequences if everyone behaved a certain way, value abiding by the law)

Question 10

What are the two stages of the postconventional morality level?

Answer 10

• stage 5: the social-contract orientation (start to think more deeply about society, people work towards justice and that rational people agree that everyone requires equal rights, rules should prioritise the welfare of society)
• stage 6: morality of Individual Principles of Conscience (highest moral stage that considers universal principles, achieving justice for everyone involved, ideal moral reasoning)

Question 11

What are the criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory?

Answer 11

• theory is very theoretical
• culture bias
• gender bias, but this has been challenged

Question 12

What are the similarities and differences of Kohlberg’s and Piaget’s theory?

Answer 12

• similarities
  
  • develop through peer interactions and exposure to higher-level reasoning
  • relations between levels and stages in each of their theories
• differences
  
  • age specificities, Kohlberg’s stages are more elaborate
  • Kohlberg focused on the individual, Piaget focused on societal impacts
• look at the image in notes for more