problem 2

Question 1

What is anorexia nervosa and its types?

Answer 1

• intense fear of gaining weight
• restricting: a person limits their food intake.
• binge-eating/purge: eat out of control and then dispose of the food by self-induced vomiting/medicine.

Question 2

What is the difference between binge-eating/purge and bulimia nervosa?

Answer 2

• body weight

Question 3

What is bulimia nervosa?

Answer 3

• intense fear of gaining weight
• excessive exercise alone (not purging) is enough to be diagnosed. fasting as well.
• self-induced vomiting
• overuse of laxatives
• enemas: a tube inserted in ass that helps someone SHIT
• diuretics: rids the body of salt and water

Question 4

What is binge eating disorder?

Answer 4

• recurring episodes of out of control eating
• key difference from bulimia nervosa is that people with BED don’t purge

Question 5

What are the weight characteristics for the three eating disorders?

Answer 5

• Anorexia nervosa: lower body weight than average
• Bulimia nervosa: body weight is average or a bit over
• Binge eating: overweight/obese; can have normal weight and still receive diagnosis

Question 6

What are the comorbidities of the three eating disorders?

Answer 6

• anorexia and bulimia suffer from OCD
• All suffer form depression, substance abuse, mood disorders and self-harming behaviour
• binge/purge anorexia: BPD (dramatic, emotional and erratic problems)
• restricting anorexia: associated with personality disorder in the anxious avoidant cluster

Question 7

What are the physical consequences for each of the three eating disorders?

Answer 7

• Anorexia:
  
  • infertility
  • low body fat → less insulation → body compensates with hair to keep body warm; hands and feet blue/purple tinge.
  • vitamin B1 deficiency
  • high risk of osteoporosis (bones being weak).
  • heart abnormalities (arrhythmias)
  • low levels of potassium can lead to kidney issues
• Bulimia nervosa:
  
  • mouth ulcers/dental cavities
  • red spots around eyes due to purging
  • swollen salivary glands
  • calluses on their hands from sticking hands down their throat. Tears to the throat.
  • heart abnormalities

Question 8

What feelings does a person with an eating disorder experience?

Answer 8

• Anorexia:
  
  • two types:
  • being unaware, satisfied about weight and thinness
  • being aware, trying to cover it up, drinking water, wearing baggy clothes
  • Overvalued ideas of weight/shape compared to those who don’t suffer from ED’s.
• Bulimia nervosa:
  
  • feel ashamed and guilty and this causes them to avoid purging. They aim to hide it from others.
  • overvalued ideas of weight/shape compared to those who don’t suffer from ED’s
• Binge eating:
  
  • feel ashamed and guilty
  • overvalued ideas of weight/shape compared to those who don’t suffer from ED’s.

Question 9

How common is each eating disorder?

Answer 9

• most common = binge eating, 2% worldwide
• middle = bulimia nervosa, 1% worldwide
• least common = anorexia

Question 10

What treatments are used for anorexia?

Answer 10

• CBT:
  
  • rebuild mindset about weight
  • due to rigid mindset it might not effective for anorexia
  • high drop out rate from therapy
• Family therapy:
  
  • teach to reduce criticism
  • psychoeducation: explaining what the is disorder
  • works best on patients who got anorexia before 19 and have had it for less than 3 years
  • works better than individual therapy
• Antidepressants
  
  • sometimes used for anorexia but no proof that they are effective

Question 11

What treatments are used for bulimia nervosa?

Answer 11

• Medication
  
  • antidepressants work better than placebo drugs
  • first benefits are seen after 3 weeks, if no benefit after 3 weeks, antidepressant likely will have no benefits
  • decrease frequency of binges and improve patients’ mood and preoccupation with shape and weight
• CBT:
  
  • aims to normalise eating patterns and change cognitive thinking
  • very effective for treating bulimia nervosa, leading treatment
  • CBT + medication only slightly better than CBT alone
  • patients are rarely fully well after CBT

Question 12

What treatments are used for binge eating?

Answer 12

• Medication
  
  • can reduce the number of binges
• CBT or IPT (interpersonal psychotherapy) have positive results after a few years
  
  • dropout rate much lower in IPT than in CBT -> IPT better for racial and ethnic minorities

Question 13

What are the brain abnormalities for people with eating disorders?

Answer 13

• tumours in hypothalamus – loss of eating -> no evidence that it is responsible for ED
• ## Damage to frontal (play a role in monitoring the pleasantness of smell, taste) and the temporal cortex (involved in body image perception) -> linked to development of anorexia or bulimia

Question 14

What are the consequences of eating disorders?

Answer 14

• lanugo: downy hair that starts to grow on the face, neck, arms, back, and leg, people with anorexia often look unwell
• osteoporosis: when bones become so weak that they can break easily
• amenorrhea: absence of menstrual cycles
• hypothermia: dangerous drop in body temperature
• electrolyte imbalances: can cause irregular heartbeats

Question 15

What is a transdiagnostic approach to treatment?

Answer 15

• focus more on underlying factors than the disorder itself
• remove labels
• this treatment works better than other ones

Question 16

What is mirror exposure

Answer 16

?