problem 3 Flashcards
1
Q
State when the following reflexes appear, disappear and whether they are survival or primitive reflexes (breathing, eye-blinking, rooting, pupillary reflex, sucking, swallowing , babinski reflex, moro, swimming, palmar grasping reflex, stepping effect)
A
- breathing, swallowing, eye-blinking, pupillary reflex, sucking: appears at birth, disappears never and it is survival reflex
- rooting: appears at birth, disappears after a few weeks and is a survival reflex
- moro (baby to throw his or her arms outward, arch the back, and then bring the arms toward each other as if to hold onto something): appears at birth, disappears after 6 months and it is a primitive reflex
- babinski reflex (baby curls toes when the underpart of foot touched): appears at birth, disappears after 8 months weeks and is a primitive reflex
- swimming: appears at birth, disappears after 4-6 months and it is primitive reflex
- palmar grasping reflex: appears at birth, disappears after 3-4 months and it is a primitive reflex
- stepping effect (when you hold the baby and it tries to walk): appears at birth, disappears after 8 weeks and it is a primitive reflex
2
Q
What is the difference between survival and primitive reflexes?
A
- survival: reflexes you are born with
- primitive: remains of history evolution that are not that useful
3
Q
What is the purpose of reflexes?
A
- ensures basic needs are met
- if baby doesn’t have these than there is an issue with their CNS
4
Q
What is the difference between attachment and bonding?
A
- attachment: how the child builds a relationship with his parents
- bonding: how the parent forms a relationship with their child
5
Q
What are the phases to becoming closely attached to someone?
A
- asocial phase (0-6 weeks)
- baby is somewhat social
- they respond equally favourably to social and non-social stimuli
- indiscriminate attachments (6 weeks – 6/7 months)
- child enjoys human company of mostly anyone
- 3-6 months old show the most sociality for close caregivers
- specific attachment (7-9 months)
- first secure attachment is formed
- they protest when being removed from close caregivers
- they can crawl so they can follow the mother to get her attention
- become more weary of strangers
- multiple attachments (9 - 18 months)
- Become attached to other people
- 18 months: usually attached to more than one person, 5 or more
6
Q
What are the theories of attachment?
A
- psychoanalytic theory (Freud)
- child is attracted to person that brings oral pleasure (usually mothers through breast feeding)
- learning theory
- baby becomes attached to the person who feeds them and gratifies their needs, mother = secondary reinforcer
- CRITICISM: contact is more important than food
- cognitive development theory
- the ability to form attachments depends, in part, on the infant’s level of cognitive development
- infant must be able to discriminate familiar companions from strangers
- contemporary theory of attachment (ethological viewpoint)
- humans are born with a number of innate behavioural tendencies that have in some way contributed to the survival humans over time
- believed attachment is to enable species to reproduce
7
Q
What is imprinting and which viewpoint does it belong to?
A
- part of the ethological viewpoint
- an innate form of learning in which the young of certain species will follow and become attached to moving objects (usually their mothers)
- it is automatic
- it is irreversible
8
Q
How is attachment made easier for humans?
A
- caregivers are attracted to the basic facial features of babies that are considered cute
- caregivers are attracted to inborn reflexes
- argued that though evolution, caregivers and babies have grown to respond positively to each other and hence attach more
9
Q
What is stranger and separation anxiety?
A
- stranger anxiety
- a wary reaction that infants display when approached by an unfamiliar person
- 8-10 months: you begin to be wary of strangers most at this age and it declines through the second year
- separation anxiety
- infants show a lot of discomfort when separated from person they’re attached to
- appears at 6-8 months and reaches its peak at 14-18 months
10
Q
How can stranger and separation anxiety be explained through the ethological and the cognitive development view point?
A
- ethological viewpoint
- we have been so frequently exposed to danger throughout evolution that our fear and avoidance responses are biologically programmed in us
- second year, child can walk, so can go explore and be less aware hence why stranger anxiety decreases
- cognitive development viewpoint
- stranger and separation anxiety are natural outgrowths of the infant’s perceptual and cognitive development
- 6-10 months old: at this age they have realised that absent companions return, and they have stable schemes for the faces of familiar companions
- 7-10 months old: they don’t get nervous when a caregiver leaves in a familiar location however when they leave in an unfamiliar way, they get worried
11
Q
What are the 4 types of attachment quality?
A
- secure attachment: infant actively explores while alone with the mother, visibly upset by separation, greets mother warmly and seeks for physical contact if in distress and is outgoing with strangers when the mother is present
- resistant attachment (form of insecure attachment): stay close to their mother and explore very little, become very distressed when the mother departs but is unsure when she returns (stay near but seem angry and resist physical contact), they are wary of strangers even when the mother is present
- avoidant attachment (form of insecure attachment): show little distress when separated from their mother, may ignore mother when she tries to grab their attention, quite sociable with strangers but may sometimes ignore them like they do to their mother
- disorganised/disorientated attachment: characterised by the infant’s dazed appearance on reunion or a tendency to first seek and then abruptly avoid the caregiver
12
Q
How can attachment quality be measured?
A
- strange situation: a series of eight separation and reunion episodes to which infants are exposed in order to determine the quality of their attachments
- criticism: not so good on kids older than 2
- temperament hypothesis: view that the Strange Situation measures individual differences in infants’ temperaments rather than the quality of their attachments
- attachment Q-set (AQS): an alternative method of assessing attachment security that is based on observations of the child’s attachment-related behaviours at home
- good for 1–5-year olds
13
Q
What are some cultural variations in attachment?
A
- children who sleep with no access to their parents tend to have more insecure attachment than children who sleep at home with their mothers
14
Q
What is the role of the father in attachment?
A
- infants tend to form secure attachments to their fathers in the latter half of the 1st year
- fathers are more likely to provide playful physical stimulation
15
Q
How does a child’s relationship with their parents affect their life?
A
- children who are secure with both parents are less anxious and socially withdrawn and make better adjustments to the challenges
- children who are secure with their fathers display better emotional self-regulation, greater social competencies with peers, and lower levels of problem behaviours throughout childhood and adolescence
- children who established secure attachments have more favourable developmental outcomes
- children with disorganised/disoriented attachments are more likely to become hostile and aggressive
- the types of attachment tend to stay stable over time
