Problem 2

Question 1

What are the functions of primary and secondary emotions?

Answer 1

• Primary: communication with caregivers; support social interactions; happiness motivates caregiver
• Secondary: motivational purposes, behaviour regulation, guidance, survival
• Primary emotions develop before secondary emotions

Question 2

What are the three different types of crying that a baby shows?

Answer 2

• basic cry: crying followed by silence and whistle and then another brief rest before crying. Main reason: hunger
• angry cry: express of air going through vocal cords
• pain cry: long, loud cry, Bay tried to hold its breath. First cry is when their lungs are filled with air. Starts because of high intensity stimulib

Question 3

What are the three types of smile a baby shows?

Answer 3

• reflexive smile - first month after birth, usually during sleep
• social smile - in response to external stimulus; 4 to 6 weeks old
• anticipatory smiling - smiling in hopes of someone else smiling back

Question 4

When does laughing develop in a child?

Answer 4

• 4 months old; helps to maintain the wellbeing. Plays a role in social interactions with caregiver

Question 5

what are emotional display rules?

Answer 5

• culturally defined rules defining which emotions should or should not be expressed in specific situations
• babies start to learn at about 7 months

Question 6

When do primary and secondary emotions develop?

Answer 6

• primary: from birth to 9 months old
• secondary: 18months to 3 years old

Question 7

How does a child develop the ability to understand their emotions and the ones of others?

Answer 7

• 2-4 years: kids learn number of terms about emotions and causes and consequences of feelings; increased communication
• 4-5 years: kinds learn the same event may elicit different responses
• 5 years old: kinds can accurately identify emotions produced by challenging circumstances
• understanding of emotions is dependent on how much caretakers label/talk about emotions

Question 8

When do children develop emotional regulation?

Answer 8

• for the first few months, the parents are responsible for regulating the kids emotions
• 6 months: kid tries to regulate arousal by turning away from it
• 1 year: kid starts to develop coping strategies like distracting themselves
• 18-24 months: kid can verbally express emotions
  
  • can control frustration better
• 2-6 years old: kids gets better at regulating their emotions
  
  • caregivers give guidance in this period, to help them deal with
    negative emotions better

Question 9

What is adaptive regulation?

Answer 9

• When the child can intensify or maintain their negative emotion to get more attention from caregiver

Question 10

What are the effects of trauma/disasters on emotional regulation?

Answer 10

• for children who are exposed to frequent displays of negative emotions at home, experience more negative emotions and deal with them worse
• dose response effect: the worse the trauma, the worse the adaptation of child

Question 11

What are the influence of parents on the emotional development of a child?

Answer 11

emotion coaching parents
- parents that emphasise positive emotions: their children are better at
masking negative emotions
- talking about emotions with kids positively affects emotional development

emotion dismissing parents
- not recognising kids emotions negatively affects their emotional development
- unitive parents: parents who punish children for expressing emotions

Question 12

When does stranger anxiety and other important milestones in emotional development develop?

Answer 12

• 7 to 9 months: stranger anxiety
• 4-5 years old: child understands emotions can be caused by different factors: situations, history, etc.
• 8 years old: child knows the same situation can evoke different reactions in different people
• general: children develop empathy (9 to 10 years old)

Question 13

What is temperament?

Answer 13

• typical way in which we respond emotionally and behaviourally to environment

Question 14

What is emotional intelligence?

Answer 14

• ability to perceive emotions, facilitate thinking, understand and manage emotions

Question 15

How does social orientation develop?

Answer 15

• 2 to 3 months: face to face play between infant and caregiver; infant interacts differently with objects
• 6 months: show interest in each other
• 7 months: face to face play decreases, infants can move at this point
• 18 to 24 months: increased mobility

Question 16

How does social referencing develop?

Answer 16

• 7 and 10 months: we use others emotional expression to make inferences about ambiguous situations
• 2 years old: child checks with mother before they do something (seeking approval)

Question 17

What is social referencing?

Answer 17

• the use of others’ emotional expressions to infer the meaning of otherwise ambiguous situations

Question 18

What are the three perspectives on emotional development?

Answer 18

• genetic maturational view: emotions are products of biology; individual differences makes us feel different
  
  • evidence: identical twins show greater similarity than fraternal twins
• learning perspective: children learn from environment; involves reinforcement (negative and positive)
• functional perspective: emotions is a function to energise behaviour and attend personal goals