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genetics lab miidterm > probability and corn > Flashcards

probability and corn Flashcards

1
Q

Can corn produce male and female gametes?

A

yes

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2
Q

Can corn self pollinate and cross pollinate?

A

yes

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3
Q

What is self-pollination?

A

When flowers can fertilize its ownself

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4
Q

What is cross-pollination?

A

When flowers pollinate with other flowers

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5
Q

How many chromosomes does corn have?

A

10

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6
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

He was an Austrain monk that was interested in botany and biology. He also described the pattern of inheritance

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7
Q

What was the pattern of inheritance?

A

Its where certain traits are dominant and recessive, with dominant traits masking the effects of recessive genes when present

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8
Q

What plant did Gregor Mendel use?

A

The garden pea plant (14 chromosomes)

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9
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

It is the physical (observable) appearance of an organism

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10
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genes (composition of DNA) of an organism

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11
Q

What is a allele?

A

different versions of a gene

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12
Q

What is a punnett square?

A

It is a graphical representation that allows us to predict the outcomes of the possible genotypes that an offspring can have after cross breeding

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13
Q

Why did he chose to use garden peas?

A

They are self-pollinating, true-breeding, has 2 phenotypes, and have a short life cycle

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14
Q

What is the P generation?

A

The parent generation with the initial genes

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15
Q

What is the F1 generation?

A

The next generation after cross breeding the parent generation

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16
Q

What is the F2 generation?

A

the next generation after cross breeding the F1 generation

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17
Q

What does F1 stand for?

A

filial generation

18
Q

What is the offspring of the F1 generation?

A

100% heterozygous individuals, thus containing both alleles from parents and 100% exhibiting the dominant trait

19
Q

What is the offspring of the F2 generation?

A

will have an even amount of homozygous and heterozygous individuals but 75% will exhibit the dominant trait

20
Q

What is probability? (And/Then)

A

The likelihood of something happening or being the case

21
Q

What is binomial expansion?

A

It allows us to calculate probability without having to think of every sequence in which events occur.

22
Q

What is the formula for binomial expansion?

A

(a+b)^n

a is the probability of getting the first outcome

b is the probability

n is the number of individuals being tested

23
Q

We can use addition for what situations?

A

Either/or

24
Q

What does the X^2 test do?

A

X^2 test allows us to calculate deviations from observed and expected numbers to determine if this is due to chance or if it is statistically significant.

25
Q

What does the X^2 test help determine?

A

The probability value (p value). It has two outcomes.
A value greater than 0.05 (5%) is considered insignificant.
A value less than 0.05 (5%) is considered significant

26
Q

How do you calculate X^2

A
  1. d=o-e
  2. X^2= d^2/e
  3. sum all X^2

next using the X^2 table determine p value

27
Q

What does o stand for?

A

observed value

28
Q

What does e stand for?

A

expected value

29
Q

What does d stand for?

A

degree of freedom. (the number of categories being measured (in this case phenotypes) minus one

30
Q

What are GMO’s?

A

Genetically modified organisms which is any animal, plant, or microbe that has had their DNA altered using genetic engineering

31
Q

What is a pedigree?

A

It is a diagram that shows family history and relationships

32
Q

What is a proband?

A

a person that serves a starting point for the genetic study of the family

33
Q

What is genetic testing?

A

Any type of medical testing that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins

34
Q

What is cancer?

A

a collection of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and cells spread to surrounding tissues

35
Q

What are the 4 genes that can cause HNPCC if mutated?

A

MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2.

Inheriting the genes does not guarantee you get the cancer

36
Q

What is HNPCC?

A

Hereditary nonpolyposis colocteral cancer also known as lynch syndrome.

37
Q

What does the colon do?

A

it is part of the large intestines and is responsible for removing water and electrolytes from digested foods

38
Q

How is cancer treated?

A

by looking under the microscope

39
Q

What are restriction enzymes?

A

Enzymes produced by bacteria that cleave DNA at specific sites

40
Q

True or false. You can put your hand in the buffer while the gel is running

A

False. NEVER

41
Q

What is the concentration formula for dilutions?

A

C1V1=C2V2

c = concentration

v = volume

42
Q

For gel casting what happens if the agar is not melted properly?

A

The gel will be denser and cause inconsistency when running the gel.

genetics lab miidterm (5 decks)

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