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genetics lab miidterm > mitosis and meiosis > Flashcards

mitosis and meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The process of growth and divsion for cells

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1
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle

A

G0, G1, S, G2, mitosis

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2
Q

What happens during G0?

A

Cell is performing its normal function and is not preparing for division

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3
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Growing and preparing for division

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4
Q

What happens during S?

A

DNA is duplicated

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5
Q

What happens during G2?

A

Genetic material is condensed to prepare for division

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6
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Creates two daughter cells from a single parent cell.

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7
Q

What happens during interphase(G0,G1,S)?

A

the cell is visibly larger and has twice the amount of DNA than a normal cell

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8
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes are further condensed and are now two sister chromatids attached by a centrosome. The nuclear member disappears and centrioles move towards opposite poles. The miotic spindle starts to form.

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9
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A

The nucleus has almost disappeared and the chromatids start moving towards the middle of the cell. The kinetochores begin to form, and the spindle fibers elongate the cell.

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10
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes are connected to spindle fibers by kinetochores, Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.

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11
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart, and the spindle fibers start to shrink, allowing the single chromatids move towards opposite sides of the cell.

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12
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Chromosomes are at the opposite sides of the cells and are unwound. Spindle fibers/kinetochores are broken down and the cell starts cleaving.

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13
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The cell is completely cleaved and 2 new daughter cells are produced with x2 the DNA

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14
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

Creates reproductive cells(gametes). four daughter cells with a
variety of chromosomes to allow for genetic diversity in offspring are the outcome. goes from diploid to halpoid

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15
Q

What are the stages of meiosis I?

A

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, and Telophase I

16
Q

What happens during meiosis I

A

2 daughter cells with x2 the DNA is formed

-Prophase I homologous chromosomes undergo crossing over -Metaphase I homologous chromosomes align at the metaphase plate side by side
-Anaphase I sister chromatids stay together while homologous chromosomes are separated

17
Q

What the the stages of meiosis II?

A

prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II

18
Q

What happens during meiosis II?

A

The cells will split and create two more unique daughter cells with n amount of DNA. (it is like mitosis)

  • Prophase II has no crossing over
    -Anaphase II sister chromatids are split
19
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

During prophase I

20
Q

True or false. We are 100% like our parents and siblings

A

false

21
Q

What are the 4 stages of crossing over?

A
  1. Chromosomes pair up (homologs create a tetrad and a centromere attaches them)
  2. Crossing over (genetic material is exchanged at the chiasmata)
  3. Recombination(creates new combinations of genes that are different than the parent.)
  4. Separation(chromosomes are pulled apart in anaphase I)
22
Q

True or false. there are many enzymes involved in crossing over.

A

true

23
Q

What is topoisomerase?

A

It alleviates any tension that is created by the unwinding of the double helix of DNA

24
Q

What is endonucleases?

A

Looks for specific areas in the DNA to cut. It is capable of making double strand breaks

25
Q

What is exonucleases?

A

Remove the areas that the endonucleases cut through

26
Q

What is DNA liagse?

A

Seals breaks in the DNA, allowing for the integration of the new DNA onto the existing strand

27
Q

What is sex linkage?

A

When genes are located on sex chromosomes, meaning some
individuals are more likely to express a trait (or disorder) than others

28
Q

Females and males have what chromosomes?

A

females- XX

males - XY

29
Q

Does the Y chromosome carry a large diversity of genes?

A

no

30
Q

Why are women less likely to exhibit symptoms of a sex linked gene?

A

Since females inherit two X chromosome they have two of every
gene

31
Q

What are examples of sex linked traits?

A

Red-green color blindness, Hemophilia, fragile X syndrome, and male pattern baldness

32
Q

mitosis means what

A

“threads” because of its threadlike appearance

33
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

The failure to split chromosomes

34
Q

If there is something wrong with the Y chromosomes what happens?

A

The male would then develop as a female

genetics lab miidterm (5 decks)

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