central dogma and sickle cell

Question 1

What does the central dogma of biology theory describe?

Answer 1

the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein

Question 2

What are the steps of the central dogma?

Answer 2

DNA is transcribed to RNA because it can’t leave the cell. Then the RNA is translated into protein in the cytoplasm.

Question 3

What are the steps of transcription and translation?

Answer 3

initiation, elongation, and termination

Question 4

What happens during transcription initiation?

Answer 4

RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter(the original DNA strand). The mRNA codes for uracil(U) instead of thymine(T)

Question 5

What happens during transcription elongation?

Answer 5

Nucleotides are added to the mRNA strand

Question 6

What happens during transcription termination?

Answer 6

RNA polymerase finds the stop sequence and detaches from the DNA

Question 7

What happens during translation initiation?

Answer 7

Ribosomes bind to mRNA and look for the star codon AUG

Question 8

What happens during translation elongation?

Answer 8

Ribosomes move across the mRNA strand from 5’ to 3’ as tRNA’s transport amino acids

Question 9

What happens during translation termination?

Answer 9

The three stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA) stop translation

Question 10

What are peptide chains?

Answer 10

chains of amino acids

Question 11

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

Answer 11

Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternery

Question 12

What is the primary protein structure?

Answer 12

A linear sequence of amino acids (polypeptide)

Question 13

What is the secondary protein structure?

Answer 13

Folding patterns caused by hydrogen bonds between the polypeptide backbone. Forms alpha helices and beta sheets

Question 14

What is the tertiary protein structure?

Answer 14

Interactions between amino acid side chains causes a 3D structure to begin forming

Question 15

What is the quaternary protein structure?

Answer 15

Multiple polypeptides arrange to create a protein complex

Question 16

All amino acids contain what elements?

Answer 16

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

Question 17

Amino acids are grouped based on what?

Answer 17

Their properties. (Charge, non-polar, and polar)

Question 18

What is sickle cell anemia?

Answer 18

codominant genetic disorder caused by a single nucleotide
missense mutation

Question 19

Sickle cell is most prevalent in what ethnicity?

Answer 19

African

Question 20

What does sickle cell cause?

Answer 20

Red blood cells to look sickled and can cause organ damage. anemia, pain, and increase risk of infection

Question 21

True or false. sickle cell affects 5 million people world wide

Answer 21

true

Question 22

True or false. Sickle Cell Anemia arose from a mutation due to natural selection

Answer 22

true

Question 23

Ture or false. sickle cell can help prevent malaria

Answer 23

True. Without sickle cell people are at risk to get malaria

Question 24

What is codominance?

Answer 24

If an individual is heterozygous one allele does not mask the other, they are both expressed at the same time. Both phenotypes will be shown.

Question 25

Chromosomes 11 contains what gene that is responsible for the shape of hemoglobin?

Answer 25

hemoglobin beta gene (HBB) and it alters the amino acid sequence of a beta globin.

Question 26

What is hemoglobin?

Answer 26

A protein that transports oxygen which affects red blood cells.

Question 27

True or false. Sickle cell can appear 5-6 months after birth

Answer 27

true

Question 28

What treatment can be used for sickle cell?

Question 29

Around how many different DNA changes can cause sickle cell

Answer 29

400

Question 30

Why can sickle cell be difficult to detect?

Answer 30

Because it is a recessive disease so it skips generations

Question 31

How do restriction enzymes help identify sickle cell?

Answer 31

Variations like the restriction fragment length polymorphism helps us identify sickle cell.