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KB - Principles Anatomy > Principles - Structure of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Principles - Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What do nerve cells consist of?

A

Dendrites (branched projections)
Body (contains the nucleus)
Axon/ nerve fibre (covered by myelin sheath)

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2
Q

What carries action potentials from the nerve cell?

A

the axon/ nerve fibre

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3
Q

What receives/ conducts information to the nerve cell?

A

Dendrites

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4
Q

What happens in a ganglion in the PNS?

A

One nerve fibre synapses onto another neurone’s cell body

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5
Q

Why must synapses occur in the ganglion in the PNS?

A

As this is where cell bodies are found

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6
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Where one neurone communicates with another neurone in a ganglion in the PNS or in a nucleus in the CNS
Here, the electrical AP becomes a chemical signal (neurotransmitter
) and then becomes an AP again

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7
Q

In the brain, what is a sulcus?

A

A depression or groove on the surface of the brain

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8
Q

In the brain, what is a gyrus?

A

A ridge on the surface of the brain

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9
Q

What are the four lobes of each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Named according to the cranial bone that they lie deep to.

Occipital, parietal, frontal, temporal

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10
Q

What is grey matter?

A

The outermost layer of the cerebral cortex, full of cell bodies

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11
Q

What is white matter?

A

Deep to the grey matter, contains many axons which are myelinated, giving the white appearance

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12
Q

How is the grey and white material arranged in the spinal cord?

A

The opposite to how it is in the brain - white matter is superficial and grey matter is deep

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13
Q

What is CN I? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Olfactory nerve

Sensory

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14
Q

What is CN II? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Optic nerve

Sensory

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15
Q

What is CN III? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Oculomotor nerve

Motor

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16
Q

What is CN IV? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Trochlear nerve

Motor

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17
Q

What is CN V? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Trigeminal nerve

Both

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18
Q

What is CN VI? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Abducens nerve

Motor

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19
Q

What is CN VII? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Facial nerve

Both

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20
Q

What is CN VIII? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Sensory

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21
Q

What is CN IX? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Both

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22
Q

What is CN X? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Vagus nerve

Both

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23
Q

What is CN XI? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Spinal Accessory nerve

Motor

24
Q

What is CN XII? Is it sensory, motor or both?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

Motor

25
Q

Which foramen does CN I enter the brain through?

A

Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

26
Q

Which foramen does CN II enter the brain through?

A

Optic canal

27
Q

Which foramen does CN III, CN IV, CN V1 and CN VI leave the brain through?

A

Superior orbital fissure

CN V1 is both sensory and motor so enters and leaves the brain through this

28
Q

Which foramen does CN V2 leave/enter the brain through?

A

Foramen rotundum

29
Q

Which foramen does CN V3 leave/enter the brain through?

A

Foramen ovale

30
Q

Which foramen do CN VII and VIII go through?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

31
Q

Which foramen do CN IX, X and XI leave the brain through?

A

Jugular foramen

32
Q

Which foramen does CN XII leave the brain through?

A

Hypoglossal canal

33
Q

What leaves the brain through the foramen magnum?

A

Spinal cord

34
Q

Where are the two enlargements of the spinal cord?

A

Cervical

Lumbosacral

35
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

Inferiorly at L1/L2 intervertebral disc level

Adult vertebral column is longer then the adult spinal cord

36
Q

How do lumbar and sacral spinal nerves leave the vertebral column? (seeing as the spinal cord ends at L1/L2)

A

They have to descend in the vertebral canal to their respective intervertebral foraminae

37
Q

What are the spinal nerves?

A 
8 pairs of cervical (C1 to C8)
12 pairs of thoracic (T1-T12)
5 pairs of lumbar spinal nerves (L1-L5)
5 pairs of sacral spinal nerves (S1-S5)
1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves (Co)
38
Q

How are spinal nerves named?

A

According to the vertebrae above it EXCEPT in the cervical region where they are named according to the vertebrae below it

39
Q

What do spinal nerves supply?

A 
The soma (body wall)
Each pair supplies one strip of the soma
40
Q

Where are spinal nerves located?

A

ONLY within the intervertebral foraminae

41
Q

From the intervertebral foraminae what do the spinal nerves connect with?

A

Structures of the soma via rami

The spinal cord via roots and rootlets

42
Q

What do posterior rami supply?

A

The posterior paramedian strip

43
Q

What do anterior rami supply?

A

The remainder of the posterior part of the strip, the lateral and the anterior parts of the strips

Supply all the limbs via a plexus - no rami in the limbs

44
Q

True or False - the posterior rami is bigger than the anterior.

A

False

The anterior rami is always bigger as it supplies more

45
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

An area/strip of skin supplied by both the anterior and posterior rami of a spinal nerve

46
Q

Where is the T4 dermatome?

A

male nipple

47
Q

Where is the T10 dermatome?

A

umbilicus

48
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

Networks of intertwined anterior rami

49
Q

What does mixing of anterior rami via plexuses result in?

A

Less predictable shapes of the limb segments

50
Q

What is the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4 anterior rami

Posterior scalp, neck wall, diaphragm

51
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1 anterior rami

Upper limb

52
Q

What is the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4 anterior rami

Lower limb

53
Q

What is the sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4 anterior rami

Lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

54
Q

What are the 5 named nerves of the brachial plexus?

A 
Axillary nerve 
Median nerve 
Musculocutaneous nerve 
Radial nerve 
Ulnar nerve

Containing various mixes of the original 5 spinal nerves’ axons (C5,6,7,8,T1)

55
Q

Describe sympathetic outflow.

A
  1. Originates from autonomic centres in the brain
  2. Passes down spinal cord in spinal cord lateral grey columns (lateral horns)
  3. Exits spinal cord with T1-L2 spinal nerves, in anterior rootlets/root (T1-L2 are the only segments of the spinal cord that have lateral horns)
  4. Travel to sympathetic chains running the length of vertebral column - paravertebral ganglion of the right sympathetic trunk
  5. Pass into all spinal nerves (anterior and posterior rami) and ‘hitch a ride’
  6. Pass into splanchnic nerves to eventually supply organs
56
Q

What does the sympathetic axon leave the spinal cord in?

A

Anterior rootlets/root

57
Q

How do parasympathetic axons leave the CNS?

A

Via cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X and via sacral spinal nerves
(craniosacral outflow)

KB - Principles Anatomy (15 decks)

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