Principles - How do clinicians communicate?

Question 1

Describe the anatomical position (7 points)

Answer 1

• standing
• facing forward
• face and eyes looking anteriorly
• upper limbs by side
• palms of hands facing anteriorly
• feet together
• toes pointing anteriorly

Question 2

How is a patient lying when they are supine?

Answer 2

On their back

Question 3

How is a patient lying when they are prone?

Answer 3

On their front

Question 4

How does the sagittal plane divide the body?

Answer 4

through the middle (longitudinal) - into left and right parts

Question 5

How does the coronal plane divide the body?

Answer 5

through the middle - into front and back parts

Question 6

How does the axial/ transverse plane divide the body?

Answer 6

Into upper and lower parts

Question 7

What does anterior mean?

Answer 7

nearer to the front of the body

Question 8

What does posterior mean?

Answer 8

nearer to the back of the body

Question 9

What does superior or cranial mean?

Answer 9

nearer to the top of the head

Question 10

What does inferior or caudal mean?

Answer 10

nearer to the soles of the feet

Question 11

What does medial mean?

Answer 11

nearer to the midline/median plane

Question 12

What does lateral mean?

Answer 12

further from the midline/medial plane

Question 13

What does proximal mean?

Answer 13

nearer to the attachment of the limb to the body

Question 14

What does distal mean?

Answer 14

further from the attachment of the limb to the body

Question 15

What does dorsal mean?

Answer 15

near to the surface

Question 16

What does unilateral mean?

Answer 16

The structure is normally found only on one side of the body

Question 17

What does bilateral mean?

Answer 17

Normally paired structures

Question 18

What does ipsilateral mean?

Answer 18

The structure lies on the same side of the body as the other structure or location that it is being compared to

Question 19

What does contralateral mean?

Answer 19

The structure lies on the opposite side of the body to the other structure or location it is being compared to

Question 20

What is flexion?

Answer 20

This is decreasing the angle between the bones at a joint.

Question 21

What is extension?

Answer 21

This is increasing the angle between the bones at a joint.

Question 22

What is abduction?

Answer 22

This is movement away from the medial plane

Question 23

What is adduction?

Answer 23

This is movement towards the median plane

Question 24

What is internal/medial rotation?

Answer 24

The anterior surface of a limb rotates towards the median plane

Question 25

What is external/ lateral rotation?

Answer 25

The anterior surface of a limb rotates away from the median plane

Question 26

What is circumduction?

Answer 26

This is circular movement at a joint

Question 27

What is eversion?

Answer 27

The sole of the foot rotates away from the median plane such that the sole faces laterally

Question 28

What is inversion?

Answer 28

The sole of the foot rotates towards the median plane such that the sole faces medially

Question 29

What is pronation?

Answer 29

Anterior surface of the forearm rotates such that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly

Question 30

What is supination?

Answer 30

The forearm rotates from the pronated position back to the anatomical position