Principles - Bones and Cartilage

Question 1

What is articulation?

Answer 1

When two surfaces work/move together - e.g. at joints, bones articulate together

Question 2

What do words containing the prefix ‘costo’ refer to?

Answer 2

The ribs

Question 3

What do words containing the prefix ‘chondro’ refer to?

Answer 3

The cartilage

Question 4

Which joint connects the skull to the vertebrae?

Answer 4

The craniovertebral joints

Question 5

Which joint is between the vertebrae and ribs?

Answer 5

The costovertebral joints

Question 6

Which joint connects rib to cartilage?

Answer 6

The costochondral joints

Question 7

Which joint connects rib to sternum?

Answer 7

The sternocostal joints

Question 8

Which joints join the radius and ulna?

Answer 8

The proximal and distal radioulnar joints

Question 9

Which joints join the tibia and fibula?

Answer 9

The proximal and distal tibiofibular joints

Question 10

Which joint joins the temporal bone to the mandible?

Answer 10

The temporomandibular joints

Question 11

What does the acromioclavicular joint join?

Answer 11

The acromion (part of the scapula that forms the highest part of the shoulder) and the clavicle

Question 12

Which joint joins the sternum and the clavicle?

Answer 12

The sternoclavicular joints

Question 13

What is the sternal angle?

Answer 13

Joins the manubrium and the sternum

Question 14

What is the sacroiliac joint?

Answer 14

Joins the ileum of the pelvis to the sacrum

Question 15

What is the pubic symphysis?

Answer 15

Joins the superior rami of the right and left pubic bones

Question 16

What three types of joint are there?

Answer 16

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

Question 17

How many types of fibrous joint are there? What are they?

Answer 17

2 - Syndesmoses and sutures

Question 18

What are syndesmoses?

Answer 18

These are a type of fibrous joint
They unite the bone with a fibrous sheet (interosseous membrane)
They are partially movable

Question 19

What are sutures?

Answer 19

They are a type of fibrous joint
They are found between the bones of the skull, where they interlock together (e.g. coronal suture)
They are highly stable

Question 20

What are fontanelles?

Answer 20

These are wide sutures in the neonatal skull, that allow the growing frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones to ‘slide’ over each other, allowing passage through the birth canal

Question 21

How many types of cartilaginous joint are there? What are they?

Answer 21

2 - primary and secondary

Question 22

What are primary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 22

Known as Synchondroses
These are bones joined by hyaline cartilage
This permits growth in the length of the bone - after a certain age, cartilage replaced by bone

Question 23

What is an epiphyseal growth plate?

Answer 23

This is a temporary form of primary cartilaginous joint where the cartilage is converted into bone before adult life

Question 24

What are secondary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 24

Known as Symphyses
Strong
Slightly movable

Question 25

Give examples of symphyses/ secondary cartilaginous joints.

Answer 25

Intervertebral joints | pubic symphysis

Question 26

What is the most common joint in the body?

Answer 26

Synovial

Question 27

What is the purpose of synovial fluid? Where is it found?

Answer 27

It cushions, nourishes and lubricates the joint | In the joint cavity

Question 28

How is friction reduced in synovial joints?

Answer 28

The articular surfaces are covered in hyaline cartilage so surfaces are smoother Bursae - extensions of joint cavity or closed sacs separate from joint cavity, prevent friction

Question 29

What are ligaments?

Answer 29

Really tough fibrous bands that go from bone to bone - they strengthen synovial joints and improve stability

Question 30

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint? Describe them and give an example of each.

Answer 30

1. Plane joint: two bones are quite flat in surface, tiny bit of movement in one plane e.g. acromioclavicular joint 2. Hinge joint: more movement than a plane joint, but still only in one plane of movement e.g. elbow joint 3. Biaxial joint: movement in more than one plane, but better in one plane than any other e.g. carpometacarpal joint 4. Ball and Socket: pretty much any movement, especially circumduction e.g. hip joint 5. Pivot joint: shaking of head movement e.g. atlanto-axial joint

Question 31

What is dislocation?

Answer 31

Complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

Question 32

What is sublaxation?

Answer 32

This is reduced area of contact between articular surfaces

Question 33

Name some common dislocations.

Answer 33

``` Temperomandibular Craniovertebral Hip Elbow Shoulder knee Interphalangeal (PIP and DIP) ```

Question 34

What is the TMJ?

Answer 34

Temperomandibular joint It is a synovial hinge joint between the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superiorly and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly

Question 35

What is the special feature of the TMJ?

Answer 35

There is an articular disc which completely separates the articular cavity