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Spring 2020 Oral Medicine > Principles of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Principles of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Products/drugs commonly used in the dental office

A
  • Fluorides
  • Analgesics (pain reliever)
  • Chemotherapeutics (arrestin rinsing)
  • Local Anesthesia
  • Nitrous Oxide
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2
Q

Biomedical study of how drugs effect the body

A

Pharmacology

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3
Q

What do drugs do to the body?

A

An interaction of chemicals with living tissue.

Medication or drugs don’t create new physiological responses, rather they alter normal processes by increasing or decreasing the function of the cell/ depressing or exciting

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4
Q

What are the 3 Regulatory Agencies

A
  1. Food and Drug Administration
  2. Federal Trade Commission
  3. Drug Enforcement Agency
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5
Q
  • Determine safety and efficacy
  • Physical and chemical standards
  • Quality control in manufacturing
  • Rx or OTC
  • Regulates labeling and advertising
A

Food and Drug Administration

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6
Q
  • Protects consumers by stopping unfair practices
    in the marketplace.
  • Benefits consumers by keeping prices low and
    quality high
  • Protects against False advertising of food, OTC,
    and cosmetics
A

Federal Trade Commission

FTC

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7
Q
  • Manufacturers and distribution of controlled substances, including narcotics, stimulants, and sedatives
  • The mission of the DEA is to enforce the
    controlled substance laws and regulations in the United States.
A

Drug Enforcement Agency DEA

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8
Q

What are the 3 names of Drug Names and Properties

A

Chemical Name
Brand Name (Trade Name)
Generic Name

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9
Q

Chemical make up of drug (unique molecular structure)

A

Chemical Name

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10
Q

A drug that is trademarked and belongs to a specific manufacturer. For 17 years, only the brand name has rights to drug. Generics are available after the patent expires

A

Brand Name (Trade Name)

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11
Q

Official preferred name
Contains same therapeutically active chemical
ingredients as brand name. (same dosage and
form) Indented to reduce cost of drug

A

Generic Name

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12
Q
  • Intended Use
  • Effect Produced in body
  • AKA pharmacologic category, therapeutic effect
A

Drug Classification

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13
Q

Involves drug being absorbed from the GI track

  • Oral (PO)
  • Sublingual
  • Buccal:
  • Rectal (PR)
A

Enteral Administration

  • Taken by mouth
  • Under tongue
  • Between cheek and tongue
  • When drug is too irritating to the stomach, patient is vomitting or nauseated or cannot swallow
    common for children and infants
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14
Q

Drug delivered via a needle
into skin layers. The needle is angled at different
degrees depending on type of injection

  • Intravenous (IV):
  • Intramuscular (IM)
  • Subcutaneous (SC, SQ)
  • Intradermal
  • Intrathecal
A

Parenteral Administration

  • Directly into circulation via a vein
  • Muscle
  • Connective tissue under skin
  • Dermis layer of skin directly under epidermis
  • Into cerebral spinal fluid used for spinal anesthesia
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15
Q

Give an example of the type of drug delivered via the following routes

A
  • Intravenous IV: Morphine/Antibiotic
  • Intramuscular (IM): Vaccines/Hormones
  • Subcutaneous: Insulin local anesthetic
  • Intrathecal epidural pain pump
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16
Q

Administration of drugs directly to the surface of body where action is desired

  • Inhalation
  • Opthalmic
  • Otic
  • Transdermal
A

Topical Administration

  • Inhaled through mouth or nose
  • Eye drops, irrigations, ointments or disks
  • Otic: Ear drops or irrigations
  • Transdermal: Adhesive patch on the skin delievers a time relased dose through the skin into the blood stream ex nicotin patch and contracepticves
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17
Q

**The way the body
affects the drug (absorption, distribution,
metabolism, excretion)

A

Pharmacokinetics

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18
Q

The way drugs work in living organisms
- Includes drug mechanism of action, receptor interactions, dose response relationship, and therapetuic and toxic reactions

A

Pharmacodynamics

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19
Q

Deals with genetic factors
that influence an organisms response to a
drug

A

Pharmacogenetics

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20
Q

Part of science that
studies the use of drugs in the prevention,
diagnosis, and treatment of diseases

A

Pharmacotherapeutics

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21
Q

The study of poisons, chemical
pollutants, and undesirable effects of drugs
on living cells, tissues and organisms

A

Toxicology

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22
Q 
Molecules are transferred
from site of administration in body to
circulating fluids
- How drugs penetrate cell/tissue
membranes
A

Absorption

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23
Q

__ Solubility is one of the most important factors in the pharmacokinetic characteristics of a drug

A

Lipid solubility

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24
Q

Passive membrane

A

Moves down concentration gradient

25
Q

Facilitated

A

Helps molecule/pathway attach to protein uses NGY

26
Q

Most drugs are weak __ or weak __

A

acids or bases

27
Q

Drugs are present in solution in ionized and non-ionized forms
what do those mean

A

Ionized form: Low lipid solubility (does not easily cross border)

Non-Ionized Form: Lipid soluble (easily crosses cell membrane )

28
Q

pH is the

A

concentration of H+ ions

29
Q

pH of weak acids

A

3-5

30
Q

pH of weak basis

A

8-10

31
Q

Drugs are absorbed with they are mostly in their __-___ form

A

non-ionized

32
Q

Weak acids:

A

absorbed in stomach (pH:2) nonionized

33
Q

Weak bases

A

absorbed in small intestine (pH 8) ionized

34
Q
  • Drugs are absorbed into the __ in the non-ionized, lipid soluble form
  • Highly ionized drugs ___ pass lipid membranes
  • Non-ionized drugs _ cross lipid membranes freely
A

blood
cannot
can

35
Q

Most drugs are either weak __ or weak __

A

acids

basis

36
Q

Distribution

A

Passage of drugs through blood plasma to site of action

37
Q

Drug is carried through blood stream in 2 forms

A 
-Free drug-produces
effect 
- Bound to a plasma
protein (usually
albumin)-inactive
38
Q

If a drug is highly protein bound, will it require a higher or lower dose of the drug to have an effect.

What else can effect protein bound drugs?

A

Higher

They will be removed from the body quicker

39
Q

Metabolism (Biotransformation) of drugs

A
  • Body changes drug from lipid- soluble form to more water soluble form to be excreted
  • Most drugs are metabolized into inactive metabolites
40
Q

Metabolism (Biotransformation) of drugs

A
  • Body changes drug from lipid- soluble form to more water soluble form to be excreted
  • Most drugs are metabolized into inactive metabolites
  • Metabolites convert the drug to the water soluble form = less likely to be reabsorbed
  • Takes place in liver most commonly
  • Also in plasma, kidneys and intestines
41
Q

Excretion of drugs

A
  • Most drugs leave by way of the kidneys through the urine

- Other ways: lungs, exocrine glands, skin, and intestinal tract

42
Q

Biologic Half-Life (t1/2)

A
  • Time required for concentration of drug to be halved after absorption is completed
  • Example
43
Q

Actions of drugs on the body and involves
drug-receptor interactions, mechanism of
action, and dose-response relationship.

A

Pharmakodynamiks

44
Q

Drug Action: Receptor:

A

The site where such drug attachment takes place

- Receptors will bind either a drug or an endogenous substance

45
Q

Drug Action
Agonist
Antagonist
Partial Agonist

A

Agonist- Drugs that bind with a receptor to produce an effect

Antagonist- Drugs that bind with a receptor to block results of an agonist to produce an effect

Partial Agonist- Drugs that partially bind w/ a receptor to produce a milder theraputic effect

46
Q

Desirable actions

A

Therapeutic Effect

47
Q
  • Undesirable actions or effect of the drug
  • Unfavorable and unintended response to the drug
  • MORE SEVERE
A

Adverse Drug Event

48
Q

-Undesirable side effect of a drug
- occurs with normal doses and normal use of a
medication

A

Adverse Drug Reaction

49
Q

Desirable actions

-headache goes away

A

Therapeutic Effect

50
Q

-Undesirable side effect of a drug
- occurs with normal doses and normal use of a
medication
-stomach ache mouth feels dry are examples

A

Adverse Drug Reaction

51
Q

Drug Events- ADE’s /Adverse Drug Events

  • Type A
  • Type B
A

Type A
- Predictable, Preventable and may lead to death
(Overdosing, drug-drug interactions, Drug-food interactions)

Type B

  • Unpredictable, unpreventable, rare
  • Individuals response to genetic differences
  • Slow metabolizers of drugs- thus risk for toxicity
52
Q

Drug Reactions- Adverse Drug Reaction

  • Adverse Effects
  • Toxic Reactions
  • Allergic Reactions
  • Idiosyncratic Reactions
  • Teratogenic Effects
A

Adverse Effects:

  • Undesirable side effects
  • Drugs are not totally selective in their actions
  • Higher dose =greater adverse effects (If you take more hydrocodon you will have more and more nausea

Toxic Reactions:
- Permanent damage to cell or tissue - abuse aspirin long term damage

Allergic Reactions:

  • Antibodies get sensitized to antigens that enter the body
  • Rash or anaphylaxis shock

Idiosyncratic Reactions

  • Unexplained, uncharacteristic response to a drug
  • Often caused by hereditary factors or genetic differences

Teratogenic Effects
- Effects fetus not mother

53
Q

Drug Use During Pregnancy

FDA Pregnancy Categories

A

Category A-B
Category A — Studies have not demonstrated
risk to the fetus

Category B — Studies have not been done on
humans but in animal studies there was no risk
to the fetus

Category C — Studies have not been done on
humans or animals or studies done on animals
have shown teratogenic effects

Category D — Studies have revealed adverse
risk to the fetus so benefit-to-risk ratio must
be established before use in pregnancy

Category X — Studies have revealed
teratogenic effects in women and/or animals;
fetal risk clearly outweighs benefit and drug is
contraindicated in pregnancy

54
Q 
Drug Interactions:
Adverse/toxic side
effects when certain drugs are given
concurrently with another \_\_, herbal
supplement, or food.

Give example

A

drug

Tetracycline taken with milk forms a complex that prevents absorption making it ineffective

if fluoride overdose pt can take milk

55
Q

Are drug interactions an example of ADE’s or ADR’s

A

depends on the interaction they can overlap

56
Q

Pharmacotheraputics
Drug Dose:
Loading Dose:
Maintenance Dose:

A

Drug Dose: Quantity of drug administered
Loading Dose: A high dose of a drug is given intiitally to rapidly establish a therapetic plasma drug concentration
Maintenance Dose: Lower doses used to maintain a desired drug level

57
Q

Therapeutics vs. Toxicity

A

Minimum Effective Concentration: Amount of drug required to produce a therapetuic effect

Toxic Concentration: Level of drug which will produce serious adverse effects

Therapeutic Range: Somewhere between minimum effective concentration and toxic concentration

58
Q

Dose-Response Relationship

  • Potency
  • Efficacy
A

Potency- Dose or amount of drug required to produce a particular or specific biologic effect

Efficacy- Ability to produce a therapeutic effect regardless of the dose

  • Potency and efficacy often describe the success of drug therapy

Spring 2020 Oral Medicine (10 decks)

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