Cardiovascular System-Holy Flashcards
Cardiovascular system comprised the heart and ___ ____
blood vessels
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM FUNCTION 6
- Circulates oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- Provides cells with nutrients
- Protects body against disease and infection
- Stops bleeding after injury by clotting
- Removes waste products
- Transports hormones to cells and organs
Cardiovascular system system failure…
when the heart does not contract sufficiently or there is a blockage of a blood vessel (atherosclerosis)
List 4 Cardiovascular Disorders
Hypertension
Heart Disease
Angina
Congestive Heart Failure
Defined as sustained elevation in arterial pressure due to the amount of blood in the vessel being greater than the space available.
Hypertension
BP is regulated by the parasympathetic or symptathetic nervous system
SYMPATHETIC
WHICH RECEPTORS REGULATE BP?
a-1: located on smooth muscle tissue, produces smooth muscle contraction (blood vessels, sweat glands, eye, intestinal)
B-1: located on cardiac tissue, increase heart rate and contractility
As the body’s demand for oxygen increase, the blood vessels contract or dilate to direct blood to the area requiring more oxygen.
Hypertension is when the force of the blood pumping through the arteries is too strong.
Factors influencing blood
pressure: 3
Cardiac Output
Peripheral Resistance
Blood volume
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
REVIEW
Activation of the RAAS system is primarily governed by the kidney, and is the most influential system in regulation of BP
Changes in renal perfusion will impact the release of renin which in turn will lead to changes in Na reabsoprtion and a change in plasma volume
You can see with all of the pathways the RAAS system impacts, why it is an important player in management of hypertension
__ of all people with hypertension have no identifiable cause
90%
Hypertension Risk factors include:
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Excessive Alcohol Intake
- Excessive Dietary Sodium
- Physical Inactivity
TX Hypertension
- Pharmacotherapy
- Lifestyle modifications
Heart Disease
Accounts for 40% of all death in the United States
Leading cause of death after age 65
https://www.goredforwomen.org
The thickening of the internal layer of the arterial wall caused by the accumulation of lipid plaques.
Results in diminished blood flow and oxygen supply to a portion of the myocardium
Also called Coronary Heart Disease
Atherosclerosis
4 factors that help cholesterol’s role in heart disease
- lipids
- lipoproteins
- triglycerides
- Cholesterol
Lipids (fats):
are important in the diet because they help the body absorb _____ .
___ in the blood so they are transported in the blood in the form of ____.
vitamins
Insoluble
lipoproteins
complexes containing different percentages of triglycerides, cholesterol, proteins, and phospholipids.
Lipoproteins
Synthesized by liver
Triglycerides
Mostly obtained from the diet but also made in the liver.
Cholesterol
“very low-density lipoprotein”
Triglycerides and cholesterol are transported in the blood in the form of ___.
VLDL
“low-density lipoprotein”
Highest amount of cholesterol is carried by ___.
“Bad” cholesterol.
LDL
“high-density lipoprotein”
Transports cholesterol to the liver where it is eventually removed from the body.
“Good” cholesterol.
HDL
A high cholesterol level (______) contributes to the development of atherosclerosis.
hypercholesterolemia
Formation of lipid plaques can continue to __ the size of the artery
decreasing
When blood flow is decreased and demand exceeds supply, the outcome is ischemic pain (___)
This is characterized by
Angina
aching squeezing pressure and tightness in the chest
Pain sometimes radiates to the left or right arm, neck or lower jaw
Heart Disease Risk Factors include 11
- Male gender
- older age
- family history
- hyperlipidemia high cholesterol
- hypertension
- cigarette smoking
- physical inactivity
- obesity
- diabetes
- mental stress
- depression
Heart Disease Tx:
- Reduce risk factors
- pharmacological management
- Revascularization (angioplasty, stenting, coronary bypass surgery)
Heart failure is the most common ____ diagnosis
Heart failure is primarily a condition of the ____
__ million people in the United States have Heart Failure
Medicare
elderly
5
Congestive Heart Failure :
Heart failure is the most common ____ diagnosis
Heart failure is primarily a condition of the ____
__ million people in the United States have Heart Failure
Medicare
elderly
5
Any condition that causes myocardial necrosis or produces chronic pressure or volume overload and myocardial dysfunction
Inability of the heart to function as a pump
Congestive Heart Failure
Causes of congestive heart failure
- hypertension
- heart disease
Signs of congestive heart failure
- perceived shortness of breath
- exercise intolerance
- fatigue
- edema
- weight gain or increased size of abdomen
Tx of congestive heart failure
Treat underlying medical problems:
Behavioral Modifications:
Treat underlying medical problems:
- Hypertension
- Atherosclerotic heart disease
- Diabetes
Behavioral Modifications:
- Smoking cessation
- Weight control
- Exercise
- Adequate rest
- Avoidance of alcohol
- In late stages: salt restriction
