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Spring 2020 Oral Medicine > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

___ million people have diabetes

Thats about 1 out of every 11 people

1 out of 4 do not know they have diabetes

A

29.1

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2
Q

What happens when we eat?

A

Energy
Most food is turned into blood glucose, the body’s main source of energy

Glucose is a sugar that is taken up into the cell by insulin and used as energy

Insulin is a hormone made and secreted by the beta cells of the islet of Langerhans in the panrease

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3
Q

In people with diabetes, glucose stays in a healthy range because insulin is released at the ……

A

right times and in the right amounts

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4
Q

3 Possible Reasons for Diabetes??

A
  1. Too little insulin is made
  2. Liver releases too much glucose
  3. Cells cant use insulin well
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5
Q

In diabetes, blood glucose builds up for several possible reasons…

A

Hyperglycemia

  • Too little insulin is made
  • Cells cant use insulin well
  • liver relases too much gucose
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6
Q

what are the 2 types of diabetes

A
  1. Type 1 Diabetes
    - Pancreas makes too little insulin or non at all
  2. Type 2 Diabetes
    - Cells do not use insulin well
    - Ability for pancreas to make insulin decreases over time
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7
Q

•1 in 10 people with diabetes have Type 1 •Most people are under the age of 20 when
diagnosed •Body can no longer make insulin

Insulin is always needed for treatment of Type 1

A

Ty pe 1 Diabetes (formally known as insulin dependant)

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8
Q

What is needed with TYPE 1 DIABETES

A

Insulin is always needed for treatment of type 1

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9
Q

Type 1 diabetes is an ____ disorder

A

autoimmune

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10
Q

Type 1 Diabetes: Hyperglycemia is secondary to __ deficiency

A

Insulin

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11
Q

Insulin is not being produced as needed to help glucose enter the cells due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

A

Type 1 Diabetes

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12
Q

Type 1 Diabetes : At diagnosis, ___% of the beta cells have already been destroyed.

A

80-90

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13
Q

Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

A
  • Symptoms start suddenly
  • Weight loss
  • Loss of energy
  • Increased thirst
  • Frequent urination
  • Hunger
  • Blurred vision
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14
Q

9 in 10 people with Diabetes have type 2 Most people are over age 40 when diagnosed but type 2 is becoming more common in children and teens

A

Ty pe 2 Diabetes (formally known as Adult-Onset)

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15
Q

Type 2 more likely effects people who are:

A
  • Overweight • Belong to a specific Ethnic Group

* Have a history of Type 2 Diabetes

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16
Q

Type 2 diabetes occurs mainly in adults- and more ____ are being diagnosed

A

children

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17
Q

Diabetes is 2-4 times higher in __ populations
• American Indians/Alaska Natives
• African Americans
• Hispanic Americans
• Asian/Pacific Islanders Educational level affects rate of diagnosis (higher education has less incidence).

A

minority

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18
Q

Type 2 Diabetes: Hyperglycemia is secondary to insulin resistance

Insulin production is ____, but is not used correctly to facilitate glucose entering the cells.
Insulin resistance occurs when cells have a decrease sensitivity to insulin.

A

sufficient

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19
Q

Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes

A 
Symptoms appear gradually
usually subtle of no symptoms in early stages
- Increased thirst
- Increased urination
- Felling tired
- Blurred VIsion
- More Frequent infections
20
Q

Symtpoms may be mistaken for other situations or problems again or summer heat

A

Type 2 Diabetes

21
Q

Overtime hyperglycemia can lead to :

A

long term complications of diabetes

22
Q

Diabetes increases the risk of ____ blood vessel damage.

Over time __ deposits can clog large blood vessels

What are the macrovascular complications:

A

large

Fatty

Stroke, heart attack, poor circulation

23
Q

Diabetes can lead to __ and __ blood vessel damage. Microvascular complications

A

nerve and small

24
Q

Nerve Damage

A

Neuropathy

25
Q

Neuropathy can cause problems in

A
  • Feet and hands
  • Heart and circulation
  • Stomach, bladder, and sex organs
26
Q

Small blood vessel damage can cause

A

blindness

kidney disease

27
Q

3 bricks to diabetes management plan

A
  • education
  • healthy food choices
  • medications and monitoring
28
Q

What Can You Do if Diabetes or Uncontrolled Diabetes is Suspected?

A

•Check blood glucose if at risk for diabetes or has diabetes •Refer patient to his/her physician •Refer to Diabetes Educators •Encourage patient to care for their diabetes •Teach risk of periodontal disease and diabetes

29
Q

What affects blood glucose
Increase Glucose?
Decrease glucose?

A

INCREASE:

  • Physcial stress-illness
  • Emotional stress
  • Carbohydrates
  • Medications

DECREASES GlUCOSE

  • EXERCISE
  • MEDICATIONS
30
Q

Insulin major side effects : Too much glucose in cell

A 
Hypoglycemia 
COnfused
pale
sweating 
shaking
31
Q

Lispro Speed of Action

A

Rapid

32
Q

Aspart speed of action

A

Rapid

33
Q

Glulisine

A

rapid

34
Q

regular insulin

A

short

35
Q

NPH

A

intermediate

36
Q

Detemir

A

long

37
Q

Insulin glargine

A

long

38
Q

In sulin Sensitizers Major Side Effects

A

•Fluid Retention
•Weight gain
•Headaches and muscle pain
•Elevated liver enzymes (should have liver
function tests prior to taking medication) •Should not take if history of Congestive Heart
Failure •Increased chance of ovulation in menopausal
women and decreases effectiveness of birth
control pills

39
Q

Oral Medications for Type 2 Diabetes:

A

Insulin Sensitizers
Avandia
Actos

40
Q

What do
Avandia
Actos improve?

A

Improve insulin senstiivity, helping cells use blood glucose for energy

41
Q

Oral Medications for type 2 diabetes:

A 
Sulfonylureas
Amaryl
DiaBeta, Glynase, Microname
Glucotrol, Gluctotrol XL
Diabinese
42
Q

Sulfonylureas cause the pancreas to

A

produce more insulin, which lowers blood glucose

43
Q

Glycosated hemoglobin levels-red blood cells that are bound to glucose for the life of that cell.
Test monitors how well patient is controlling the disease by taking an average of blood glucose levels over 3 months.

A

HbA1c Levels

44
Q

eAG

A

estimated average glucose

45
Q

Type 1

a. May need: Oral medication or oral medication and insulin alone
b. Insulin is always needed

A

b.

46
Q

Type 2

a. May need: Oral medication or oral medication and insulin alone
b. Insulin is always needed

A

a

47
Q

*** Biguanides Major side effects

A 
Nausea
Diarrhea
Vimitting
Sometiems weight loss
* To decrease side effects, start with low dose and take with food, often side effects subsdie over time.

Spring 2020 Oral Medicine (10 decks)

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