Principles of Pathology PJ Flashcards

(40 cards)

1
Q

what does all disease begin with?

A

cellular injury or malfunction

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2
Q

what is it called when the cell produces energy and maintains a state of normal function?

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

what makes maintaining homeostasis difficult?

A

prolonged or acute physiological stress

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4
Q

what is the monitoring and response of tissue damage?

A

inflammatory reaction

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5
Q

what initiates a cascade of inflammatory responses?

A

injury

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6
Q

what increases nerve stimulation and pain sensation?

A

swelling

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7
Q

what is oxygen deprivation called?

A

hypoxia

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8
Q

what is one cause of hypoxia?

A

SVC syndrome; compression of the SVC as a result of a lung tumor

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9
Q

what can happen if hypoxia is not corrected?

A

death

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10
Q

what is the most widely recognized cause of inflammation?

A

infections produced by bacteria

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11
Q

what is the tissue damage due to radiation that is seen most commonly?

A

erythema

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12
Q

what is the goal of radiation therapy?

A

dama cancer cells while sparing as much healthy tissue as possible

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13
Q

in what order does tissue damage due to radiation occur? (3)

A

erythema, dry desquamation, moist desquamation

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14
Q

what is the leakage of IV drugs into tissue surrounding the venipuncture site?

A

extravasation

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15
Q

what are the six causes of cell damage?

A

radiation, hypoxia, chemicals, microorganisms, immunologic response, neoplasms

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16
Q

what is a new growth?

A

neoplasm

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17
Q

do neoplasms tend to grow slowly or rapidly?

18
Q

how do the cells that make up neoplasms compare to the cells that make up the normal tissue?

A

cells are distinctively different than normal cells (poorly differentiated)

19
Q

how does speed of growth correlate to differentiation?

A

poorly differentiated=rapid growth; well differentiated=slow growth

20
Q

what do poorly differentiated tumors lack that is characteristic of benign tumors?

A

fibrous capsule

21
Q

what are the two categories cancer is broadly divided into?

A

sarcomas and carcinomas

22
Q

what type of cells line external surfaces?

A

epithelial cells

23
Q

what type of malignant tumors arise from epithelial cells?

24
Q

what type of cells can form glands?

A

epithelial cells

25
do carcinomas tend to invade blood vessels or lymphatic channels more often?
lymphatic channels
26
what is cancer arising in the upper aerodigestive system called?
squamous cell carcinoma
27
what is cancer arising from secretory glands (prostate, pancreas) called?
adenocarcinomas
28
what type of malignant tumors arise from connective tissue?
sarcomas
29
what type of malignant tumors arise from the nervous system?
sarcomas
30
are sarcomas or carcinomas more common?
carcinomas
31
what is cancer arising from fat cells called?
liposarcoma
32
what is cancer arising from bone called?
osteosarcoma
33
what is a chemical compound that provokes a mutation?
initiator
34
what is the time between initiation and the clinical appearance of the disease?
latent period
35
how do the cells appear under the microscope during the latent period?
they may appear normal or may display subtle changes
36
what is programmed cell death?
apoptosis
37
what is epstein barr virus (EBV) a precursor for? (4)
mononucleosis, burkitt's lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer
38
what is human papilloma virus (HPV) a precursor for? (3)
cervical cancer, uterine cancer, may be initiator for squamous cell carcinomas
39
what is hepatitis B (HBV) a precursor for? (1)
hepatocellular cancer
40
what is the only definitive cause of cancer?
ionizing radiation