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Radiation Therapy Principles and Procedures Test 1 > Principles of Pathology PJ > Flashcards

Principles of Pathology PJ Flashcards

1
Q

what does all disease begin with?

A

cellular injury or malfunction

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2
Q

what is it called when the cell produces energy and maintains a state of normal function?

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

what makes maintaining homeostasis difficult?

A

prolonged or acute physiological stress

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4
Q

what is the monitoring and response of tissue damage?

A

inflammatory reaction

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5
Q

what initiates a cascade of inflammatory responses?

A

injury

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6
Q

what increases nerve stimulation and pain sensation?

A

swelling

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7
Q

what is oxygen deprivation called?

A

hypoxia

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8
Q

what is one cause of hypoxia?

A

SVC syndrome; compression of the SVC as a result of a lung tumor

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9
Q

what can happen if hypoxia is not corrected?

A

death

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10
Q

what is the most widely recognized cause of inflammation?

A

infections produced by bacteria

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11
Q

what is the tissue damage due to radiation that is seen most commonly?

A

erythema

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12
Q

what is the goal of radiation therapy?

A

dama cancer cells while sparing as much healthy tissue as possible

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13
Q

in what order does tissue damage due to radiation occur? (3)

A

erythema, dry desquamation, moist desquamation

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14
Q

what is the leakage of IV drugs into tissue surrounding the venipuncture site?

A

extravasation

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15
Q

what are the six causes of cell damage?

A

radiation, hypoxia, chemicals, microorganisms, immunologic response, neoplasms

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16
Q

what is a new growth?

A

neoplasm

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17
Q

do neoplasms tend to grow slowly or rapidly?

A

rapidly

18
Q

how do the cells that make up neoplasms compare to the cells that make up the normal tissue?

A

cells are distinctively different than normal cells (poorly differentiated)

19
Q

how does speed of growth correlate to differentiation?

A

poorly differentiated=rapid growth; well differentiated=slow growth

20
Q

what do poorly differentiated tumors lack that is characteristic of benign tumors?

A

fibrous capsule

21
Q

what are the two categories cancer is broadly divided into?

A

sarcomas and carcinomas

22
Q

what type of cells line external surfaces?

A

epithelial cells

23
Q

what type of malignant tumors arise from epithelial cells?

A

carcinomas

24
Q

what type of cells can form glands?

A

epithelial cells

25
Q

do carcinomas tend to invade blood vessels or lymphatic channels more often?

A

lymphatic channels

26
Q

what is cancer arising in the upper aerodigestive system called?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

27
Q

what is cancer arising from secretory glands (prostate, pancreas) called?

A

adenocarcinomas

28
Q

what type of malignant tumors arise from connective tissue?

A

sarcomas

29
Q

what type of malignant tumors arise from the nervous system?

A

sarcomas

30
Q

are sarcomas or carcinomas more common?

A

carcinomas

31
Q

what is cancer arising from fat cells called?

A

liposarcoma

32
Q

what is cancer arising from bone called?

A

osteosarcoma

33
Q

what is a chemical compound that provokes a mutation?

A

initiator

34
Q

what is the time between initiation and the clinical appearance of the disease?

A

latent period

35
Q

how do the cells appear under the microscope during the latent period?

A

they may appear normal or may display subtle changes

36
Q

what is programmed cell death?

A

apoptosis

37
Q

what is epstein barr virus (EBV) a precursor for? (4)

A

mononucleosis, burkitt’s lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer

38
Q

what is human papilloma virus (HPV) a precursor for? (3)

A

cervical cancer, uterine cancer, may be initiator for squamous cell carcinomas

39
Q

what is hepatitis B (HBV) a precursor for? (1)

A

hepatocellular cancer

40
Q

what is the only definitive cause of cancer?

A

ionizing radiation

Radiation Therapy Principles and Procedures Test 1 (6 decks)

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