Principles of Pathology PJ Flashcards
what does all disease begin with?
cellular injury or malfunction
what is it called when the cell produces energy and maintains a state of normal function?
homeostasis
what makes maintaining homeostasis difficult?
prolonged or acute physiological stress
what is the monitoring and response of tissue damage?
inflammatory reaction
what initiates a cascade of inflammatory responses?
injury
what increases nerve stimulation and pain sensation?
swelling
what is oxygen deprivation called?
hypoxia
what is one cause of hypoxia?
SVC syndrome; compression of the SVC as a result of a lung tumor
what can happen if hypoxia is not corrected?
death
what is the most widely recognized cause of inflammation?
infections produced by bacteria
what is the tissue damage due to radiation that is seen most commonly?
erythema
what is the goal of radiation therapy?
dama cancer cells while sparing as much healthy tissue as possible
in what order does tissue damage due to radiation occur? (3)
erythema, dry desquamation, moist desquamation
what is the leakage of IV drugs into tissue surrounding the venipuncture site?
extravasation
what are the six causes of cell damage?
radiation, hypoxia, chemicals, microorganisms, immunologic response, neoplasms
what is a new growth?
neoplasm
do neoplasms tend to grow slowly or rapidly?
rapidly
how do the cells that make up neoplasms compare to the cells that make up the normal tissue?
cells are distinctively different than normal cells (poorly differentiated)
how does speed of growth correlate to differentiation?
poorly differentiated=rapid growth; well differentiated=slow growth
what do poorly differentiated tumors lack that is characteristic of benign tumors?
fibrous capsule
what are the two categories cancer is broadly divided into?
sarcomas and carcinomas
what type of cells line external surfaces?
epithelial cells
what type of malignant tumors arise from epithelial cells?
carcinomas
what type of cells can form glands?
epithelial cells
do carcinomas tend to invade blood vessels or lymphatic channels more often?
lymphatic channels
what is cancer arising in the upper aerodigestive system called?
squamous cell carcinoma
what is cancer arising from secretory glands (prostate, pancreas) called?
adenocarcinomas
what type of malignant tumors arise from connective tissue?
sarcomas
what type of malignant tumors arise from the nervous system?
sarcomas
are sarcomas or carcinomas more common?
carcinomas
what is cancer arising from fat cells called?
liposarcoma
what is cancer arising from bone called?
osteosarcoma
what is a chemical compound that provokes a mutation?
initiator
what is the time between initiation and the clinical appearance of the disease?
latent period
how do the cells appear under the microscope during the latent period?
they may appear normal or may display subtle changes
what is programmed cell death?
apoptosis
what is epstein barr virus (EBV) a precursor for? (4)
mononucleosis, burkitt’s lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer
what is human papilloma virus (HPV) a precursor for? (3)
cervical cancer, uterine cancer, may be initiator for squamous cell carcinomas
what is hepatitis B (HBV) a precursor for? (1)
hepatocellular cancer
what is the only definitive cause of cancer?
ionizing radiation
