Detection and Diagnosis PJ Flashcards
what is the 5 year survival rate for all cancers?
66%
what three things increased survival rates?
- increased emphasis on detection and diagnosis 2. new treatment methods 3. better understanding of cancer
what two specialities does cancer diagnosis rely on?
radiology & pathology
what three questions should the physician try to answer when a patient is diagnosed with cancer?
- what’s happening to me? 2. what’s going to happen to me? 3. what can be done to improve what happens to me?
according to ACS, what are the two most important strategies to save lives from cancer?
prevent & early detection
what is the overall survival rate for those that detected cancer early?
81%
what is an objective finding as perceived by an examiner?
sign
what are three examples of signs?
rash, mass, discoloration
what is a subjective indication of disease or a change in condition as perceived by the patient?
symptom
what are three examples of symptoms?
upset stomach, numbness, lack of sleep
what is it called when signs or symptoms are arising from a common cause?
syndrome
what is defined as the identification of a disease or condition?
diagnosis
what is considered the most powerful diagnostic tool?
interview
what four tools are use in a physical exam?
inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation
what is an abnormal accumulation of clotting factors in a vessel?
thrombosis
what is an abnormal accumulation of blood in tissue from a ruptured vessel?
hematoma
what is bad breath that may indicate oral or other head and neck malignancy?
halitosis
what may a foul smelling sputum indicate?
lung abscess
what may an ammonia odor in urine indicate?
bladder disorder
what may a foul smelling feces indicate?
pancreatic insufficiency
what is the use of touch to acquire information?
palpation
what is the striking or tapping of a patient to determine pain or create vibration?
percussion
what is the act of listening to sounds within the body?
auscultation
what are the vital signs?
temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure (pain is 5th vital sign according to joint commission)
on whom should oral temperature not be taken?
difficult patients, comatose patients, children or those prone to convulsions
which site will give the most accurate temperature reading?
rectal
where can you take a temperature? (5)
oral, rectal, ear, skin, axilla
what is the pulse rate?
beats per second
what is the pattern of beats in a pulse?
rhythm
what is the pulse wave and volume of blood felt during ventricular contraction?
size
what is the compressibility of the artery?
tension
what is the rate of respiration?
number of breaths per minute
what is the amount of air during respiration?
depth (deep or shallow)
what is the regularity of breathing?
rhythm (slow, normal, rapid)
what is the type of breathing?
character (normal to labored)
during blood pressure, what is the pressure in the vessels during heart contraction?
systolic
during blood pressure, what is the pressure in the vessels during heart relaxation?
diastolic
what is the normal adult values for temperature? (oral, rectal, axillary)
oral- 96.8°-98.6°F (36°-37°C)
rectal- 99.6°F
axillary- 97.6°
what is the normal adult values for pulse?
60-90 beats/min
what is the normal adult values for respiration?
10-20 breaths/min
what is the normal adult values for blood pressure?
110-140 mm Hg / 60-80 mm Hg
at which two levels does screening take place?
prevention and early detection
mass screenings depend on what three factors?
previous results, cost effectiveness, and risk to patient
screening is grouped into what two major categories?
lab studies and medical imaging
what is ECG?
electrical conductivity of heart muscle; EKG
what is EEG?
electroencephalogram; brain wave activity
what is EMG?
electromyogram; electrical conductivity of muscle; aids in neuromuscular disorders
if a test have the ability to measure a true positive, it has ____.
sensitivity
if a test have the ability to measure a true negative, it has ____.
specificity
who does the ACS recommend annual mammograms for?
women > 40
true or false: mammograms cannot detect lesions before they can be palpated
false; mammograms CAN detect lesions before they can be palpated
what secondary screening tool is used to find nodes that tumors are draining into?
sentinel node biopsy
what are the two common methods for prostate cancer?
PSA and DRE
who does the ACS recommend annual PSE and DRE for?
men > 50
ACS recommends mass screenings for what five cancers?
colorectal, breast, prostate, cervical, endometrial
who does the ACS recommend colorectal screenings for?
everyone > 50
what is the ACS recommendation for colorectal cancer? (5 methods)
annual FOBT and FIT; flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years; annual FOBT or FIT plus flex sig every 5 years; double contrast barium enema (DCBE) every 5 years; colonoscopy every 10 years
what is the ACS recommendation for cervical cancer?
pap smear 3 years after onset of vaginal intercourse but no later than 21 years old
what is Tis?
tumor in situ; in the normal place (stage 0)
