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140 . Foundations of Anatomy and Clinical Practice > Principles of Movement > Flashcards

Principles of Movement Flashcards

1
Q

Where does most human movement analysis occur?

A

A lab setting with high levels of variable control

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2
Q

Any movement in the sagittal plane occurs around which axis?

A

Frontal axis

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3
Q

Any movement in the transverse plane occurs around which axis?

A

Vertical / Longitudinal axis

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4
Q

Any movement in the frontal plane occurs around which axis?

A

Sagittal axis

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5
Q

What is Centre of Mass (COM)?

A

The average position of mass of an object

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6
Q

What is Centre of Gravity (COG)?

A

The point in an abject where gravity appears to be acting

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7
Q

What is the difference between COM and COG in relation to clinical movement analysis?

A

They are interchangable, the only way they would change significantly is if you went really high up a mountain

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8
Q

In the standard anatomical position, where is the COM?

A

Roughly the area of S2, near the bellybutton

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9
Q

What is the line of gravity?

A

A vertical line from the centre of gravity to the ground or surface the object or person is on

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10
Q

What affect does bending sideways have on both the COM and line of gravity?

A

The COM stays the same whereas the line of gravity moves sideways

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11
Q

What happens when the line of gravity leaves the base of support?

A

We become unstable

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12
Q

What are the three types of forces?

A

Gravitational (Weight)
Applied (Contact)
Inertial (Motion)

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13
Q

Force is a vector quantity, what does this mean?

A

It has both magnitude and direction

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14
Q

What unit is used to measure force?

A

Newtons (N)

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15
Q

On a diagram, how is force represented?

A

As a proportional arrow demonstrating both magnitude and direction

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16
Q

What is meant by the term load?

A

The force exerted on a surface or body

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17
Q

What is Newton’s First Law?

A

A body remains in the same state of motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force

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18
Q

According to Newton’s First Law what must happen to a body in order to for it to move?

A

An unbalanced force must act on it as a balanced force would cause it to remain in motion

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19
Q

What is ground reaction force (GRF)?

A

The force exerted by the ground on a body in contact with it

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20
Q

Rearrange Newton’s Second Law to find Acceleration, explain how this is relevant in relation to moving weight:

A

Acceleration = Force / Mass (a=F/m),

Meaning a heavier object will require more force to cause the same acceleration as an object of a smaller mass

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21
Q

What is Newton’s Second Law?

A

Force = Mass x Acceleration (F=ma)

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22
Q

According to Newton’s First Law, if a body is at rest and the forces acting on it are balanced, what will happen?

A

The body will remain at rest

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23
Q

Which of Newton’s Laws is being applied here?

“If A exerts a force on B, then B will exert an equal yet opposite force on A”

A

Newton’s Third Law,

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

24
Q

According to Newton’s First Law, if a body is moving and the forces acting on it are balanced, what will happen?

A

It will keep moving at a constant speed in a straight line

25
Q

What is Newton’s Third Law?

A

For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

26
Q

What is a lever?

A

A body segment which rotates around a fulcrum (joint axis)

27
Q

What produces rotation of a body segment around an axis?

A

An unbalanced force (most likely generated by internal muscle contraction)

28
Q

What unit is used to measure a moment?

A

Newton Meters (NM)

29
Q

What is moment?

A

The turning effect which a force has around a fulcrum dependent upon the size of the force and the distance of moment arm

30
Q

Calculate the moment for this example:

A force of 40N is applied at 50cm from the axis of rotation:

A 
Moment = Force x Distance
Moment = 40 N x 0.5 M
Moment = 20NM
31
Q

What is the equation for moment?

A

Moment = Force x Distance

32
Q

What is meant by the moment arm?

A

The perpendicular distance between the application of force and the fulcrum of movement

33
Q

If a weightlifter is squatting 100ks, what is this force in Newtons?

A

1000 N

34
Q

What is meant by resultant force?

A

The sum of forces acting in multiple directions causing a final effect

35
Q

What is a collinear force system?

A

When lines of action of all the forces of a system are operating on the same line

or >–>

36
Q

Tension is most likely caused by what type of force system?

A

Collinear when each side is being pulled away on the same line

37
Q

What is a co-planar force system?

A

When the lines of action of a set of forces lie in a single plane

38
Q

A sled push is an example of which force system?

A

Collinear

39
Q

The trapezius muscle is an example of which force system?

A

Concurrent

40
Q

The erector spinae and iliopsoas work together as a pelvic control anteriorly and posteriorly, what force system is this?

A

Co-planar

41
Q

What is a concurrent force system?

A

Where all forces act on the same point

42
Q

A scrum is an example of which force system?

A

Collinear

43
Q

A seesaw is an example of which force system?

A

Co-planar

44
Q

A tug of war is an example of which force system?

A

Collinear

45
Q

What is a first order / class lever?

A

Where the fulcrum is located between the resistance and effort

46
Q

What is a second order / class lever?

A

Where the resistance is located between the fulcrum and effort

47
Q

What is a third order / class lever?

A

Where the effort is located between the fulcrum and resistance

48
Q

What lever order is demonstrated through the hip abductors levelling the pelvis during gait?
Give the Fulcrum, Resistance and Effort:

A

1st Class, fulcrum in middle
Fulcrum = hip joint line
Resistance = weight on other side of body
Effort = TFL / Glut Med / Glut Min pulling down

49
Q

What lever order is demonstrated through the calf muscle when taking a step?
Give the Fulcrum, Resistance and Effort:

A

2nd Class, resistance in middle
Fulcrum = Metatarsals
Resistance = Weight of the body slightly behind metatarsals
Effort = Gastrocnemius

50
Q

How can you remember the order of lever classes?

A

1, 2, 3

F, R, E

51
Q

What are most lever orders in the body?

A

3rd Class

52
Q

What lever order is demonstrated through the arm lifting a weight (curl)?
Give the Fulcrum, Resistance and Effort:

A

3rd Class, effort in middle
Fulcrum = Elbow joint
Resistance = The weight in the hand
Effort = Biceps

53
Q

What mechanical advantage is gained from a longer lever arm?

A

A larger moment can be generated for a given force

54
Q

What is the resistance arm?

A

The distance between load and fulcrum

55
Q

What is the effort arm?

A

The distance between effort and fulcrum

56
Q

What does it mean to have a mechanical advantage of 1?

A

There will be no advantage (or disadvantage)

57
Q

What does it mean to have a mechanical advantage of >1?

A

There is a force advantage and larger objects can be moved with less effort

140 . Foundations of Anatomy and Clinical Practice (12 decks)

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